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Introduction The mission of ASHP is to represent its members and to provide leadership that will enable pharmacists in organized health-care settings to (1) extend pharmaceutical care focused on achieving positive patient outcomes through drug therapy; (2) provide services that foster the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of drug use; (3) contribute to programs and services that emphasize the health needs of the public and the prevention of disease; and (4) promote pharmacy as an essential component of the health care team. The purposes of ASHP, as stated in the ASHP Charter, are as follows:
Each policy position in this catalog is identified by a four-digit number; the first two digits show the year that the policy was approved by the HOD, and the third and fourth digits are sequencing numbers. Background information on any policy position can be found in that year s April and August issues of the American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy under respectively "ASHP Reports" and "Proceedings of the Annual Session of the ASHP House of Delegates." The "Source for each policy position indicates how the policy position was introduced to the HOD, e.g., in a report of a council, through the Chairman of the Board, or as a resolution. During 1996–1997, the policy-recommending bodies of ASHP, at the direction of the Board of Directors, began a sunset review of the existing ASHP policies. Some bodies implemented processes to review policies, whereas others proceeded to recommend that certain policies be continued, revised, or discontinued. Sunset reviews and subsequent recommendations to the HOD are ongoing. The contents of the ASHP Policy Positions of 1982–99 reflect the HODs' actions in response to sunset recommendations. ASHP policy positions are published annually in this separate document and, starting in 1997–98, also within the Practice Standards of ASHP. In 1998-99, only practice-related policy positions were published. The title Practice Standards of ASHP was changed to Best Practices for Health-System Pharmacy. Best Practices for Health-System Pharmacy includes the practice- related policy positions and ASHP Statements (A declaration and explanation of basic philosophy or principle, approved by the Board of Directors and the House of Delegates), ASHP Guidelines (Advice on the implementation or operation of pharmacy practice programs, approved by the Board of Directors), ASHP Technical Assistance Bulletins (specific, detailed advice on pharmacy programs or functions as developed by an ASHP staff division in consultation with experts, approved by the Board of Directors), and ASHP Therapeutic Guidelines (thorough, systematically developed advice for health-care professionals on appropriate use of medications for specific clinical circumstances) and ASHP Therapeutic Position Statements (concise statements that respond to specific therapeutic issues of concern to health care consumers and pharmacists, as developed through the guidance of the ASHP Commission on Therapeutics, approved by the Board of Directors). 1999 Policy Positions9901 FOSTERING PHARMACY LEADERSHIP Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To encourage pharmacy managers to serve as mentors to their staff, pharmacy students, pharmacy residents, and peers in a manner that fosters the development of future pharmacy leaders. Background 9902 COMPLIANCE WITH GOVERNMENTAL PAYMENT POLICIES Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To encourage pharmacy managers to identify and resolve medication-related billing issues in government health care programs that could cause challenges under fraud and abuse laws; further, To encourage pharmacy managers to establish an internal audit system for medication- related services, in conjunction with their corporate compliance programs, in order to meet the requirements of government health care payment policies. Background 9903 OPTIMIZING THE MEDICATION-USE PROCESS Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To urge health-system pharmacists to assume leadership, responsibility, and accountability for the quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of the entire medication-use process (including prescribing, dispensing, administration, monitoring, and education) across the continuum of care; further, To urge health-system pharmacists to work in collaboration with patients, prescribers, nurses, and other health care providers in improving the medication-use process. Background 9904 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To encourage health-system pharmacists to establish emergency plans within their practice site and local community to address the public's medication needs in the event of biological or chemical terrorist attack or other disasters; further, To encourage health-system pharmacists to establish appropriate local, state, and national contacts for providing the information and supplies needed to address emergencies related to biological and chemical terrorism or other disasters; further, To work with various agencies, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the Public Health Service, to advocate the need for pharmacist participation in developing and planning procedures for responding to natural, biological, and chemical public health emergencies. Background 9905 DIVERSIFYING PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To encourage health-system pharmacy managers to assess the development and marketing of diversified pharmaceutical services (e.g., home care, ambulatory care), consistent with the mission of their health system; further, To include in such assessments considerations of patients' needs for comprehensive and continuous pharmaceutical care, cost-effectiveness of services, risk management, ethical principles, and legal issues. Background This policy supersedes ASHP policies 8403 and 8501. 9906 USE OF MACHINE-READABLE CODE TECHNOLOGY Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To support the application of machine-readable codes in health systems; further, To evaluate the current state of this technology and the benefits that it offers to the medication-use process; further, To advocate that all drug product packaging include a machine-readable code in a manner that identifies the package contents including lot numbers and expiration dates and improves patient safety. Background This policy supersedes ASHP policy 8503. 9907 WORKLOAD AND PRODUCTIVITY MONITORING AND REPORTING Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To advocate the implementation of a pharmacy productivity monitoring system that analyzes productivity changes in terms of their impact on patient outcome; further, To continue communications with health-system administrators, consulting firms, and professional associations on the value of pharmaceutical services and on the use of accurate data to assess pharmacy productivity and staffing levels; further, To encourage practitioners and computer software vendors to develop and use a standard protocol for collecting and reporting pharmacy workload data; further, To advocate to health-system administrators, consulting firms, and computer software vendors the use of valid workload and productivity measurement systems for pharmacy patient care services. Background This policy supersedes ASHP policies 8902 and 9119. 9908 PHARMACISTS' ROLE IN DRUG PROCUREMENT, DISTRIBUTION, AND CONTROL Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To affirm the pharmacist's expertise and responsibility in the procurement, distribution, and control of all drug products used within the health system, including investigational agents and medications brought into the system by the patient; further, To encourage the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, other accreditation bodies, and governmental entities to assure the pharmacist's role in drug procurement, distribution, and control. Background This policy supersedes ASHP policies 8701 and 8702. 9909 ELECTRONIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To advocate the use of electronic information systems, with appropriate security controls, that enable the sharing of patient-specific data among the components of a health system; further, To expect computer software vendors and pharmaceutical suppliers to use a standard coding format for electronic information systems that is consistent with the needs of pharmacy services in a health system; further, To advocate the development of both formal and informal liaisons with appropriate health care associations to ensure that the interests of pharmacy are fully represented in the implementation of electronic information systems; further, To strongly encourage health-system administrators, regulatory bodies, and other appropriate groups to provide health-system pharmacists with full access to patient-specific clinical data. Background This policy supersedes ASHP policies 8703 and 9602. 9910 PHARMACISTS' DOCUMENTATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL CARE Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To encourage pharmacists to document the provision of pharmaceutical care and validate the impact of pharmaceutical care on patient outcomes. Background This policy supersedes ASHP policy 8901. 9911 PHARMACY RESIDENCY TRAINING Source: Council on Education Affairs To continue efforts to increase the number of pharmacy residency training programs and positions available; further, To expand efforts to make pharmacy students aware early in their education of the career choices available to them and the importance health-system employers attach to the completion of a residency. Background 9912 UNIFORM STANDARDS FOR PHARMACY TECHNICIAN EDUCATION AND TRAINING Source: Council on Educational Affairs To support the concept of uniform standards for the education and training of all pharmacy technicians; further, To take a leadership role in advocating the development and adoption of uniform standards for the education and training of all pharmacy technicians. Background 9913 LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN COLLEGES OF PHARMACY Source: Council on Educational Affairs To encourage colleges of pharmacy to include leadership skills in professional curricula; further, To encourage colleges of pharmacy to offer combined residency-degree programs to develop pharmacy leaders; further, To encourage colleges of pharmacy to develop more opportunities for students to pursue combined degree programs (e.g., Pharm.D.-M.B.A.) that develop administrative, management, and leadership skills in addition to pharmacy education. Background 9914 TEACHING HOW TO PROVIDE INTERDISCIPLINARY PATIENT CARE Source: Council on Educational Affairs To encourage colleges of pharmacy to focus on the need to train students in the skills needed to work with other health care professionals to provide patient care; further, To encourage the American Council on Pharmaceutical Education to include standards relating to teaching the delivery of interdisciplinary pharmaceutical care in the next revision of accreditation standards for colleges of pharmacy; further, To encourage pharmacists to collaborate with other health professionals in the development of purposeful, deliberative interdisciplinary care models. Background 9915 ASHP POSITION ON ASSISTED SUICIDE Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To remain neutral on the issue of health professional participation in assisted suicide of patients who are terminally ill; further, To affirm that the decision to participate in the use of medications in assisted suicide is one of individual conscience; further, To offer guidance to health-system pharmacists who practice in states in which assisted suicide is legal. Background 9916 PHARMACIST DECISION-MAKING IN ASSISTED SUICIDE Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To approve the ASHP Statement on Pharmacist Decision-making on Assisted Suicide. 9917 CONFIDENTIALITY OF PATIENT HEALTH CARE INFORMATION Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To approve the ASHP Statement on Confidentiality of Patient Health Care Information. Background 9918 REPORTING MEDICATION ERRORS AND ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To encourage pharmacists to exert leadership in establishing a nonthreatening, confidential atmosphere in their work places to encourage pharmacy staff and others to report actual and suspected medication errors and adverse drug reactions in a timely manner; further, To provide leadership in supporting a single, comprehensive medication error reporting program that: a) fosters a confidential, non-threatening, and non-punitive environment for the submission of medication error reports; To provide leadership in encouraging the participation of all stakeholders in the reporting of medication errors to this program. Background This policy supersedes ASHP policy 9709. 9919 MANAGEMENT OF BLOOD PRODUCTS AND DERIVATIVES Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To strongly encourage the computer software industry to provide data fields for lot number, expiration date, and other necessary and appropriate information for blood products and derivatives and biologicals, in order to facilitate compliance with regulatory requirements concerning the use of these products, particularly with respect to recalls or withdrawals. Background 9920 TELEPHARMACY Source: Council on Professional Affairs To foster among health-system pharmacists and leaders of the telecommunications industry a common vision for the integration of telecommunication technology into the delivery of pharmaceutical care. Background 9921 PHARMACIST VALIDATION OF INFORMATION RELATED TO MEDICATIONS Source: Council on Professional Affairs To support consultation with a pharmacist as a primary means for consumers to validate publicly available information related to medications. Background 9922 PHARMACIST'S ROLE IN PRIMARY CARE Source: Council on Professional Affairs To approve the ASHP Statement on the Pharmacist's Role in Primary Care. 9801 Collaborative Drug Therapy Management Activities Source: House of Delegates Resolution To support the participation of pharmacists in collaborative drug therapy management, which is defined as a multidisciplinary process for selecting appropriate drug therapies, educating patients, monitoring patients, and continually assessing outcomes of therapy; further, To recognize that pharmacists participate in collaborative drug therapy management for a patient who has a confirmed diagnosis by an authorized prescriber; further, To recognize that the activities of a pharmacist in collaborative drug therapy management may include, but not be limited to, initiating, modifying, and monitoring a patient's drug therapy; ordering and performing laboratory and related tests; assessing patient response to therapy; counseling and educating a patient on medications; and administering medications. This policy supersedes ASHP policies 9404 and 9410. 9802 Conscientious objection by pharmacists to morally, religiously, or ethically troubling therapies Source: House of Delegates Resolution ASHP recognizes a pharmacist's right to conscientious objection to morally, religiously, or ethically troubling therapies and supports the establishment of systems that protect the patient's right to obtain legally prescribed and medically indicated treatments while reasonably accommodating the pharmacist's right of conscientious objection. 9803 Medication formulary system management Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To declare that decisions on the management of a medication formulary system (a) should be based on clinical, quality-of-life, and pharmacoeconomic factors that result in optimal patient care and (b) must include the active and direct involvement of physicians, pharmacists, and other appropriate health care professionals; further To declare that decisions on the management of a medication formulary system should not be based solely on economic factors. This policy supersedes ASHP policy 9501. 9804 Multidisciplinary action plans for patient care Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To support pharmacists as integral participants in the development of multidisciplinary action plans for patient care (care MAPs), disease-management plans, and health-management plans. This policy supersedes ASHP policy 9403. 9805 Medication misadventures Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To affirm that pharmacists must assume a leadership role in preventing, investigating, and eliminating medication misadventures across the continuum of care. 9806 Electronic entry of medication orders Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To support, as the preferred method of prescribing, direct electronic entry of medication orders or prescriptions by the prescriber, with provisions for the pharmacist to review and verify the order s appropriateness before medication administration, except in those instances when review would cause a medically unacceptable delay. This policy supersedes ASHP policy 9402. 9807 Patient information systems Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To affirm that, because of their unique expertise and value in patient care, pharmacists must have a leadership role in the planning, selection, implementation, maintenance, and enhancement of electronic information systems used within a health system; further, To affirm that pharmacists must contribute to the design of patient information systems, including involvement in decisions on the functions, logic, and rules related to medication use. 9808 Defining and measuring the quality of clinical services Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To encourage pharmacists to establish a quality improvement process within their practice settings that measures both operational and patient outcomes. 9809 Position on the Entry-Level Doctor of Pharmacy Degree Source: Council on Educational Affairs To reaffirm the official policy of ASHP to support the Doctor of Pharmacy degree as the single entry-level degree for professional pharmacy practice; further, To strongly encourage the development of viable and widely available external and nontraditional Doctor of Pharmacy degree programs; further, To be an active participant in the American Council on Pharmaceutical Education (ACPE) process for the revision of accreditation standards for entry-level education in pharmacy; further, To provide the ACPE with appropriate documents and background materials in order to demonstrate the ASHP position and support for ACPE s intent on this important issue; further, To actively monitor the long-range impact that the single entry-level degree will have on residency education, availability of experiential training sites, graduate education, and continuing education programs, and the resulting health-system pharmacist applicant pool. This policy supersedes ASHP policy 9101. 9810 Relationship between practice sites and educational institutions Source: Council on Educational Affairs To reaffirm ASHP s commitment to practitioner input in undergraduate professional education and to restate the importance of the institutional and health-system environments as sites for undergraduate training; further, To define and develop appropriate methods of organizational relationships between health systems and colleges of pharmacy that permit a balance of patient care and service, as well as educational and research objectives of both institutions in a mutually beneficial manner; further, To include the administrative interests of both the health system and the college in defining these organizational relationships to assure compatibility of institutional (i.e., health system or university) and departmental (e.g., pharmacy department and department in the college) objectives; further, To develop appropriate support materials to assist pharmacists in developing cost analyses and other materials required to justify active participation of a health system in undergraduate pharmacy education. This policy supersedes ASHP policy 8505. 9811 Public Funding for Pharmacy Residency Training Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To support legislation and regulation that ensures public funding for pharmacy residency programs consistent with the needs of the public and the profession; further, To oppose legislation or regulation involving reimbursement levels for graduate medical education that adversely affects pharmacy residencies at a rate disproportionate to other residency programs. This policy supersedes ASHP Policy 8605. 9812 Collaborative drug therapy management Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To pursue the development of federal and state legislative and regulatory provisions that authorize collaborative drug therapy management by the pharmacist as a component of pharmaceutical care; further, To actively support affiliated state societies in the pursuit of state-level collaborative drug therapy management authority for pharmacists. This policy supersedes ASHP policies 9404 and 9410. 9813 Regulation of Automated Drug Distribution Systems Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To work with the Drug Enforcement Administration and other agencies to seek regulatory and policy changes to accommodate automated drug distribution in health systems. This policy supersedes ASHP policy 8515. 9814 Educating pharmacists to provide appropriate support for dying patients Source: Council on Professional Affairs To provide education to pharmacists on caring for dying patients, including education on clinical, managerial, professional, and legal issues; further, To urge the inclusion of such topics in the curricula of colleges of pharmacy. 9815 Pain management Source: Council on Professional Affairs To advocate for fully informed patient and caregiver participation in pain management decisions as an integral aspect of pharmaceutical care; further, To support any advancements in treatment that result in improved control of pain, especially relief of chronic intractable pain; further, To work with other health care organizations in fostering improved pain management; further, To increase ASHP s efforts in offering educational programs on contemporary pain management therapies and techniques. This policy supersedes ASHP policies 8309 and 8805. 9816 Appropriate pharmacy support for dying patients Source: Council on Professional Affairs To support the position that care for dying patients is part of the continuum of pharmaceutical care that pharmacists should provide to patients; further, To support the position that pharmacists have a professional obligation to work in a collaborative and compassionate manner with patients, family members, caregivers, and other professionals to help fulfill the pharmaceutical care needs especially the quality-of-life needs of dying patients of all ages; further, To support research on the needs of dying patients. 9817 Pharmacists as source of information about dietary supplements and alternative or complementary substances Source: Council on Professional Affairs To support the principle that pharmacists should be informed about dietary supplements and alternative or complementary substances and capable of providing sound advice to patients about their use; further, To support the principle that pharmacists and pharmacies should foster public confidence that they are accessible sources of available authoritative information about dietary supplements and alternative or complementary substances; further, To support the principle that pharmacists recommendations about the use of dietary supplements and alternative or complementary substances should be based on scientific evidence of safety and efficacy. 9818 Regulation of complementary and alternative substances Source: Council on Professional Affairs To support Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory authority over complementary and alternative substances for which claims even indirect and general claims are made by manufacturers or distributors about their usefulness in preventing and treating disease; further, To support the principle that complementary and alternative substances not having proven efficacy but having no appreciable toxicity should be allowed to be marketed (but not as drugs or biologics) with labeling that clearly states their lack of proven efficacy; further, To support the routine reporting and monitoring of product defects and adverse effects associated with complementary and alternative substances through the FDA MedWatch and United States Pharmacopeia reporting programs. 9819 Role of pharmacists and business leaders in health care services and policies Source: Council on Professional Affairs To support the principle that business leaders and health professionals must share responsibility and accountability for providing optimal health care services to patients; further, To support the principle that business leaders should expect practicing pharmacists to formulate policies that affect the prerogative of pharmacists to make optimal care decisions on behalf of patients. 9820 Medication administration by pharmacists Source: Council on Professional Affairs To support the position that the administration of medicines is part of the routine scope of pharmacy practice; further, To support the position that pharmacists who administer medicines should be skilled to do so; further, To support the position that pharmacists should be participants in establishing procedures in their own work settings with respect to the administration of medicines (by anyone) and monitoring the outcomes of medication administration. This policy supersedes ASHP policy 9112. 9821 ASHP Statement on the Pharmacist s Role in Clinical Pharmacokinetic Monitoring Source: Council on Professional Affairs To approve the ASHP Statement on the Pharmacist s Role in Clinical Pharmacokinetic Monitoring. This statement supersedes the ASHP Statement on the Pharmacist s Role in Clinical Pharmacokinetic Services, dated June 5, 1989, and ASHP policy 8905. 9822 ASHP Statement on the Pharmacist s Role in Infection Control Source: Council on Professional Affairs To approve the ASHP Statement on the Pharmacist s Role in Infection Control. This statement supersedes a previous version dated June 4, 1986, and ASHP policy 8620. 9823 ASHP Statement on the Pharmacist's Role in Substance Abuse Prevention, Education, and Assistance Source: Council on Professional Affairs To approve the ASHP Statement on the Pharmacist's Role in Substance Abuse Prevention, Education, and Assistance. This statement supersedes ASHP policies 9120, 8908, 8713, 8611, 8502, 8404, and 8304. 9701 DIRECT-TO-CONSUMER ADVERTISING OF PHARMACEUTICALS Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs and the Board of Directors To support direct-to-consumer advertising that is educational in nature about prescription drug therapies for certain medical conditions and appropriately includes pharmacists as a source of information; further, To oppose direct-to-consumer advertising of specific prescription drug products; further, To support the development of legislation or regulation that would require nonprescription drug advertising to state prominently the benefits and risks associated with product use that should be discussed with the consumer s pharmacist or physician. This policy supersedes ASHP policy 9605. 9702 DRUG SAMPLES Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To oppose drug sampling or similar drug marketing programs that (1) do not provide the elements of pharmaceutical care, (2) result in poor drug control, allowing patients to receive improperly labeled and packaged, deteriorated, outdated, and unrecorded drugs, (3) provide access to prescription drugs by unauthorized, untrained personnel, (4) may encourage inappropriate prescribing habits, or (5) may increase the cost of treatment for all patients. This policy supersedes ASHP policy 9604. 9703 MANUFACTURER-SPONSORED PATIENT-ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To encourage pharmaceutical manufacturers to (1) extend their patient assistance programs to serve the needs of both uninsured and underinsured patients, (2) enhance access to and availability of such programs, and (3) incorporate the elements of pharmaceutical care into these programs. 9704 PHARMACY TECHNICIANS Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To support registration by state boards of pharmacy and voluntary certification for technical personnel in pharmacy consistent with recommendations contained in the ASHP APhA White Paper on Pharmacy Technicians (Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1996; 53:1793 6); further, To oppose state licensure of pharmacy technical personnel because the state boards should hold pharmacists accountable for the quality of pharmacy service that is provided under their charge. (Definitions: Certification is the process by which a nongovernmental agency or association grants recognition to an individual who has met certain predetermined qualifications specified by that agency or association. Licensure is the process by which an agency of government grants permission to an individual to engage in a given occupation upon a finding that the applicant has attained the minimal degree of competency necessary to ensure that the public health, safety, and welfare will be reasonably well protected. Registration is the process of making a list or being enrolled in an existing list.) This policy supersedes ASHP Policy 9302. 9705 PHARMACIST EDUCATION OF CONSUMERS Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs and the Board of Directors To encourage pharmaceutical manufacturers to utilize pharmacists as the preferred mechanism to educate consumers about drug therapies, particularly new and emerging therapies. 9706 TWENTY-FOUR-HOUR ACCESS TO PHARMACISTS Source: Council on Professional Affairs To support the principle that all patients should have 24-hour access to a pharmacist responsible for their care. 9707 PEDIATRIC DOSAGE FORMS Source: Council on Professional Affairs To support efforts that stimulate development of pediatric dosage forms of drug products. 9708 EXPRESSION OF THERAPEUTIC PURPOSE OF PRESCRIBING Source: Council on Professional Affairs To support the routine expression by prescribers of the condition being treated or the therapeutic purpose of medication with or in every prescription and medication order. This policy supersedes ASHP policy 9305. 9709 REPORTING MEDICATION ERRORS AND ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9918. 9710 IMAGE OF AND CAREER OPPORTUNITIES FOR HEALTH-SYSTEM PHARMACISTS Source: Council on Educational Affairs To develop and implement a public relations plan promoting the professional image of health- system pharmacists to the general public, other health-care professionals, and, especially, health- system decision-makers; further, To provide ASHP informational and recruitment materials identifying career opportunities for pharmacists practicing in organized health-care settings. This policy supersedes ASHP policy 8603. 9711 INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE HIV RISK BEHAVIOR IN INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS Source: House of Delegates Resolution ASHP supports the use of needle and syringe exchange programs, drug abuse treatment, and community outreach programs for substance abusers to reduce the risk of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus in intravenous drug users. 9601 STANDARDIZATION OF MEDICATION FORMULARY SYSTEMS Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To support the concept of a standardized medication formulary system among components of integrated health systems when standardization leads to improved patient outcomes; further, To include in the formulary-standardization process the direct involvement of the health system s physicians, pharmacists, and other appropriate health care professionals. 9602 ELECTRONIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9909. 9606 FDA REFORM Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To support continued definition of the Food and Drug Administration s public health mission in terms of product approval, labeling approval, manufacturing oversight, and marketing oversight, while deferring to state regulation and professional self-regulation on matters related to the use of drugs, biologics, and medical devices; further, To support the allocation of sufficient federal resources to allow the FDA to meet its defined public health mission; further, To support management reforms at the FDA that allow timely and cost-effective approval of drugs, biologics, and medical devices, without compromising the agency s vital mandate of ensuring that new products are safe and effective and that all products and manufacturers meet minimum quality standards; further, To support the appointment of practicing pharmacists to FDA advisory committees as one mechanism of ensuring that decisions made by the agency incorporate the unique knowledge of the profession of pharmacy for the further benefit of the patient. 9607 CODE OF ETHICS Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To endorse the Code of Ethics for Pharmacists. This policy was reviewed in 1998 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 9608 USE OF COLOR TO IDENTIFY DRUG PRODUCTS Source: Council on Professional Affairs To support the reading of drug product labels as the most important means of identifying drug products; further, To oppose reliance on color by health professionals and others to identify drug products; and further, To oppose actions by manufacturers of drug products and others to promulgate reliance on color to identify drug products. 9609 HUMAN FACTORS CONCEPTS Source: Council on Professional Affairs To encourage pharmacists to apply human factors concepts (human errors related to inadequate systems or environment) in the prevention, analysis, and reporting of medication errors; further, To encourage research (in conjunction with other groups, as appropriate) to identify human factors causes of medication errors and opportunities for their prevention. 9613 THE EXPANDED ROLE OF PHARMACY TECHNICIANS Source: House of Delegates Resolution That ASHP study the potential for greater technician involvement in the organization, such as by appointing a technician member to an ASHP council and by creating a technician seat in the ASHP House of Delegates. 9614 DUES AUTHORITY Source: Chairman of the Board of Directors To delegate to the Board of Directors the authority to adjust annually the ASHP membership dues rate for the purpose of covering increased costs of existing membership services for a period of the next five years, 1997 2001; further, To limit any increases in dues by the Board of Directors, under this authorization, to the annual percentage increase in the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers. 9501 9502 9401 PATIENT-FOCUSED CARE Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To support the concept of patient-focused care when it (a) is planned and implemented with pharmacists involvement; (b) fosters the provision of pharmaceutical care; and (c) is motivated by a goal of improved patient care. 9402 ELECTRONIC ENTRY OF MEDICATION ORDERS This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9806. 9403 MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACTION PLANS FOR PATIENT CARE (CARE MAPS) This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9804. 9404 PHARMACIST PRESCRIBING This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9812. 9406 PATIENT S RIGHT TO CHOOSE Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To support the right of the patient to choose and to give instructions regarding his or her health care. 9407 PRIMARY AND PREVENTIVE CARE Source: Council on Professional Affairs To support primary and preventive care roles for pharmacists in the provision of pharmaceutical care; further, To collaborate with physician, nursing, and health-system administrator groups in pursuit of these goals. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Professional Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 9409 NABP MODEL PHARMACY PRACTICE ACT LANGUAGE ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE PHARMACIST FOR OVERALL MEDICATION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Source: House of Delegates Resolution ASHP should work with the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy to clarify language in the Model Pharmacy Practice Act concerning the responsibility of the pharmacist for the overall medication distribution system and to eliminate specific task requirements, allowing practitioners to focus on improving drug therapy through formulation of a therapeutic plan and detection, prevention, and resolution of medication-related problems. 9410 PRESCRIBING AUTHORITY FOR PHARMACISTS This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9812. 9411 NAME CHANGE Source: Chairman of the Board of Directors To change the name of the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc. (ASHP) to the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. (ASHP) , effective January 1, 1995; further, To amend the ASHP Charter, Article Second, by deleting Hospital and substituting Health-System ; further, To amend and restate the ASHP Bylaws, Article 1.1, to conform to the amended ASHP Charter; further, To declare that this Charter amendment is advisable, and direct that the Charter amendment be submitted to the House of Delegates and the membership for consideration. The ASHP membership approved this action by mail ballot, September 1994. 9303 HEALTH-CARE REFORM Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To endorse the document Principles for Including Medications and Pharmaceutical Care in Health Care Systems. This policy was reviewed in 1998 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 9304 ASHP STATEMENT ON PHARMACEUTICAL CARE Source: Council on Professional Affairs To approve the ASHP Statement on Pharmaceutical Care. (Definition: The mission of the pharmacist is to provide pharmaceutical care. Pharmaceutical care is the direct, responsible provision of medication-related care for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient s quality of life.) This policy was reviewed in 1998 by the Council on Professional Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 9306 ASHP STATEMENT ON THE PHARMACIST S ROLE WITH RESPECT TO DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS AND ADMINISTRATION DEVICES Source: Council on Professional Affairs To approve the ASHP Statement on the Pharmacist s Role with Respect to Drug Delivery Systems and Administration Devices. This statement supersedes a previous version dated June 5, 1989, and ASHP policy 8904. 9307 DRUG DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN ORGANIZED HEALTH-CARE SYSTEMS Source: House of Delegates Resolution To support the utilization of accurate methods of dispensing of medication that can free the pharmacist to focus on direct patient care. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Professional Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 9308 REIMBURSEMENT STATUS FOR CLINICAL PHARMACY SERVICES Source: House of Delegates Resolution To support the necessary processes to establish standards for clinical pharmacy documentation and to foster a direct relationship with third-party payers that facilitates a reimbursement status. 9309 EXPIRATION DATING OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS Source: House of Delegates Resolution To support and actively promote the maximal extension of expiration dates of pharmaceutical products as a means of reducing health-care costs and to recommend that pharmaceutical manufacturers review their procedures to accomplish this end. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Professional Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 9310 RECOGNITION OF ONCOLOGY PHARMACY PRACTICE AS A SPECIALTY Source: Chairman of the Board of Directors To endorse a petition to the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties (BPS) requesting recognition of oncology pharmacy practice as a specialty. 9201 HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) POSITIVE EMPLOYEES Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To adopt the position that mandatory routine testing of health-care workers for infection with the human immunodeficiency virus is unnecessary; further, To support the use of universal precautions for infection control. This policy was reviewed in 1998 by the Council on Administrative Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 9202 NEEDLE-FREE DRUG PREPARATION AND ADMINISTRATION SYSTEMS Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To encourage manufacturers efforts to create cost-effective drug preparation and drug administration systems that do not require needles. This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Administrative Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 9204 ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION OF MEDICAL INFORMATION Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To support the use of electronic devices to transmit medical information, including prescriptions and drug orders, among practitioners and patients; further, To encourage state policymakers to address the issues surrounding the conveyance of medical information, including prescriptions and drug orders, by electronic means. This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 9205 AUTOMATED SYSTEMS Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To support the use of current and emerging technology in the advancement of pharmaceutical care; further, To encourage a review and evaluation of the state and federal legal and regulatory status of new technologies as they apply to pharmacy practice. This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 9206 MEDICATION-ERROR REPORTING Source: Council on Professional Affairs To support the concept of a multidisciplinary reporting system for medication errors that is (a) designed to collect data to identify preventable serious errors and opportunities for drug use improvement and (b) designed to maintain confidentiality; further, To review and evaluate pilot medication error reporting efforts in order to study their effectiveness and the utility of the data they produce. 9207 AVERSIVE FLAVORING This policy was discontinued in 1998. 9208 ASHP STATEMENT ON THE USE OF MEDICATIONS FOR UNLABELED USES Source: Council on Professional Affairs To approve the ASHP Statement on the Use of Medications for Unlabeled Uses. 9209 ASHP STATEMENT ON THE PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTICS COMMITTEE Source: Council on Professional Affairs To approve the ASHP Statement on the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. This statement supersedes the Statement of the same title dated June 6, 1984, and ASHP policy 8405. 9211 TAMPER-EVIDENT PACKAGING ON TOPICAL PRODUCTS Source: House of Delegates Resolution ASHP should support the standardization and requirement of tamper-evident packaging on all topical products, including all dermatologicals and nonprescription products. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Professional Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 9101 DECLARATION OF INTENT BY THE AMERICAN COUNCIL ON PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9809. 9103 DRUG TESTING Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To recognize the use of pre-employment drug testing or drug testing for cause during employment based on defined criteria and with appropriate validation procedures; further, To support employer-sponsored drug programs that include a policy and process that promote the recovery of impaired individuals. This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 9104 CLOSED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To reiterate support for the current system of drug distribution in which prescribers and pharmacists exercise their professional responsibilities on behalf of patients; further, To acknowledge that there may be limited circumstances in which constraints on the traditional drug distribution mechanism may be appropriate if the following principles are met:
This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 9105 DRUG PRICING Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To support the principle of prudent purchase of pharmaceutical products and related supplies by public and private entities using appropriate professional practices to achieve that end; further, To encourage government support of existing local professional activities already practiced in organized health-care settings that are methods to promote quality and cost-effective pharmaceutical care for patients. (Note: These methods include, without limitation, concepts such as drug-use review, formulary systems, pharmacy and therapeutics committees, and patient counseling.) 9106 MEDICAL DEVICES Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To support public and private initiatives to clarify and define the relationship among drugs, devices, and new technologies in order to promote safety and effectiveness as well as better delivery of patient care. This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 9107 COMPOUNDING VERSUS MANUFACTURING Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To support the principle that compounding, when done to meet anticipatory patient needs, is part of the practice of pharmacy and is not manufacturing; further, To reaffirm the need for ASHP to develop pharmacy practice standards related to anticipatory compounding in organized health-care settings; further, To foster educational efforts relating to pharmacy compounding in organized health-care settings. This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 9108 EMPLOYEE TESTING Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To oppose the use of truth-verification testing such as polygraphs as routine employment practices because of the possible interference with the rights of individuals; further, To recognize the limited use of such testing during employment where such testing may protect the rights of individuals against false witness. This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 9110 PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE Source: Council on Professional Affairs To encourage hospital pharmacy departments to recycle waste materials; further, To encourage pharmaceutical manufacturers to explore how they may assist pharmacy departments in their waste-recycling efforts; further, To encourage pharmaceutical manufacturers to streamline packaging of drug products to reduce waste materials. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Professional Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 9111 ASHP STATEMENT ON PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH IN ORGANIZED HEALTH-CARE SETTINGS Source: Council on Professional Affairs To approve the ASHP Statement on Pharmaceutical Research in Organized Health-Care Settings. This policy supersedes the ASHP Statement on Institutional Pharmacy Research and ASHP policy 8517. 9112 DRUG ADMINISTRATION This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9812. 9113 PHARMACISTS ROLE IN IMMUNIZATION Source: Council on Professional Affairs To affirm that pharmacists have a public health and individual patient responsibility in immunization; further, To encourage pharmacists to seek opportunities for involvement in immunization programs. 9118 STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLE FOR PHARMACISTS RELATIONSHIP WITH INDUSTRY This policy was discontinued in 1999. 9119 STANDARDIZED PROTOCOL FOR WORKLOAD DATA COLLECTION AND REPORTING BY SOFTWARE VENDORS This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9907. 9121 LIMITED AUTHORITY TO ADJUST THE DUES RATE Source: Chairman of the Board of Directors To delegate to the Board of Directors for a five-year period (covering the dues rate for calendar years 1992 through 1996) the authority to adjust annually the ASHP membership dues rate for the purpose of covering increased costs of existing membership services; further, To limit any increases in dues to the annual percentage increase in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. 9122 RECOGNITION OF PSYCHOPHARMACY PRACTICE AS A SPECIALTY Source: Chairman of the Board of Directors To endorse a petition to the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties (BPS) requesting recognition of psychopharmacy practice as a specialty. 9001 REIMBURSEMENT FOR UNLABELED USES OF FDA-APPROVED DRUG PRODUCTS Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To support third-party reimbursement for FDA-approved drug products appropriately prescribed for unlabeled uses; further, To seek endorsement of this payment policy by other professional organizations. This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Administrative Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 9002 ASHP STATEMENT ON CONTINUING EDUCATION Source: Council on Educational Affairs To approve the revised ASHP Statement on Continuing Education. This statement supersedes a previous version dated May 15, 1978. 9003 DRUG PRODUCT PRICES Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To support existing laws and legitimate practices that allow organized health-care settings to purchase drug products and related supplies at prices that minimize health-care costs. 9004 HOME INTRAVENOUS THERAPY Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To support the implementation of a home intravenous therapy benefit under federal and private medical plans, along with an appropriate level of reimbursement for the pharmaceutical services, supplies, and equipment associated with this type of health care. 9005 GENERIC DRUG PRODUCTS Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To encourage pharmacists in organized health-care settings to assume a greater leadership role in legislative and other arenas relating to drug product selection and evaluation. This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 9006 NONDISCRIMINATORY PHARMACEUTICAL CARE Source: Council on Professional Affairs To adopt the following positions in regard to nondiscriminatory pharmaceutical care:
This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Professional Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 9007 DRUG NAMES, LABELING, AND PACKAGING Source: Council on Professional Affairs To urge drug manufacturers and FDA to involve practicing pharmacists, nurses, and physicians in decisions about drug names, labeling, and packaging; further, To inform pharmacists, and others as appropriate, about specific drug names, labeling, and packaging that have documented association with medication errors. 9008 STANDARDIZED PROTOCOL FOR INFORMATION EXCHANGE BETWEEN HOSPITALS This policy was discontinued in 1998. 9009 STUDENT MEMBERSHIP DUES Source: House of Delegates Resolution To recommend a rollback in the student membership dues rate to the pre-January 1, 1990 level. 9010 GENERIC PHARMACEUTICAL TESTING Source: House of Delegates Resolution To support and foster legislative and regulatory initiatives designed to improve and restore public and professional confidence in the drug approval and regulatory process in which all relevant data are subject to public scrutiny. 9011 DRUG NOMENCLATURE Source: House of Delegates Resolution To work with the FDA, USP, and pharmaceutical industry to assure that drug products are named in a manner that clearly and without confusion permits identification of ingredients strengths and changes. 8901 PRACTITIONERS DOCUMENTATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9910. 8902 ORGANIZATIONAL RESIZING OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9907. 8903 POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (PAC) This policy was discontinued in 1998. 8907 ASHP STATEMENT ON UNIT DOSE DRUG DISTRIBUTION Source: Council on Professional Affairs To approve the ASHP Statement on Unit Dose Drug Distribution. This statement supersedes a previous version dated June 8, 1981. 8801 PHARMACISTS IN MANAGED-CARE SETTINGS Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To assume a leadership role as a membership organization in meeting the unique needs of pharmacists practicing in managed-care settings (e.g., health maintenance organizations, preferred provider organizations, and independent practice associations). This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Administrative Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8802 EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM RESOURCES FOR AFFILIATED STATE CHAPTERS Source: Council on Educational Affairs To identify potential educational program resources and support mechanisms that would assist ASHP-affiliated state chapters to plan, organize, and implement statewide continuing education programs; further, To investigate the availability of ASHP resources for assisting affiliated state chapters in meeting their educational programming and support mechanism needs. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Educational Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8804 EMPLOYEE DRUG TESTING This policy was discontinued in 1998. 8805 PAIN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9815. 8807 TOBACCO AND TOBACCO PRODUCTS Source: Council on Professional Affairs To discourage the use and distribution of tobacco and tobacco products in and by pharmacies; further, To seek, within the bounds of public law and policy, to eliminate the use and distribution of tobacco and tobacco products in meeting rooms and corridors at ASHP-sponsored continuing education events; further, To join with other interested organizations in statements and expressions of opposition to the use of tobacco and tobacco products. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Professional Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8808 HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTIONS Source: Council on Professional Affairs To seek input in the decisions of government and other organizations to express the concerns of pharmacists with regard to the handling of drugs and drug-related devices for the treatment and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections; further, To continue to inform pharmacists about drug and drug-related developments in the treatment of HIV infections. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Professional Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8809 COUNCIL ON THERAPEUTICS Source: SIG Cabinet To create a new council or other body to be concerned with issues related to rational drug use in society; further, To establish, within its purview, the development of drug therapy consensus documents; further, To encourage the creation of this new council or other body as soon as possible. 8810 PROMOTION OF PHARMACISTS PROFESSIONAL IMAGE Source: House of Delegates Resolution To develop a formalized public relations campaign to promote the professional image of pharmacists practicing in organized health-care settings. 8811 MECHANISM FOR PERIODIC REEXAMINATION OF ASHP S ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND GOVERNING PROCESS Source: House of Delegates Resolution To ask the Chairman of the House to develop a mechanism for establishing periodically a self-review task force to reexamine the organizational structure and governing processes of ASHP. 8812 RECOGNITION OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT PHARMACY PRACTICE AS A SPECIALTY Source: Chairman of the Board of Directors To endorse the petition to the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties requesting recognition of nutritional support pharmacy practice as a specialty. 8701 PHARMACISTS ROLE IN DRUG PROCUREMENT PROCESS This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9908. 8702 PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES IN ALTERNATIVE DELIVERY SITES This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9908 8703 STANDARD COMPUTER FORMATTING This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9909. 8704 NATIONAL MANPOWER DATA SYSTEM Source: Council on Educational Affairs To endorse the development and implementation of a national pharmacy manpower data system; further, To consider committing the appropriate resources to support a data system after reviewing the goals and objectives of the project. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Educational Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8705 ASSESSMENT SURVEY OF CONTINUING EDUCATION NEEDS Source: Council on Educational Affairs To develop and implement an ongoing continuing education needs assessment survey that will assist in planning, organizing, and administering future educational programs. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Educational Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8706 STAFF DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AND RESOURCES Source: Council on Educational Affairs To encourage pharmacy directors to support staff development programs in an effort to improve the quality of work life; further, To assist pharmacy directors with staff development initiatives by providing a variety of educational programs, services, and resource materials. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Educational Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8707 VACCINE AVAILABILITY Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To support federal efforts intended to ensure the continued availability and affordability of vaccines and other drug products in a manner that maintains their highest possible quality and provides adequate incentives for ongoing research, development, and distribution. 8708 THERAPEUTIC INTERCHANGE Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To support the concept of therapeutic interchange of various drug products by pharmacists under arrangements where pharmacists and authorized prescribers interrelate on the behalf of patient care. 8709 CODES ON SOLID DOSAGE FORMS OF PRESCRIPTION DRUG PRODUCTS Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To support efforts requiring manufacturers of solid dosage form prescription drug products to imprint a readily identifiable code indicating the manufacturer of the drug product and the product s ingredients; further, To make information on transition of the codes readily available. This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8711 CLINICAL INVESTIGATION OF DRUGS USED IN ELDERLY AND PEDIATRIC PATIENTS Source: House of Delegates Resolution To support clinical trial, patient-inclusion criteria that do not preclude trials of therapeutic agents in elderly and pediatric patients; and to support inclusion of appropriate surveillance mechanisms in such clinical trials to monitor informed consent and to prevent abuse of elderly and pediatric participants. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Professional Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8712 THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY AND DESIGN OF INVESTIGATIONAL STUDIES IN INSTITUTIONS Source: House of Delegates Resolution To develop a recommended procedural model for the pharmaceutical industry and other sponsors of clinical studies to use in the promotion, development, and implementation of investigational drug studies in institutions; and to educate the pharmaceutical industry and other sponsors of clinical studies in the key aspects of pharmacy involvement in investigational drug studies and the importance of adherence to this recommended model. 8715 RESIDENCY PROGRAMS Source: Chairman of the Board of Directors To encourage residency program directors to seek accreditation when applicable accreditation standards and processes exist as a means toward ensuring and conveying program quality. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Educational Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8605 GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9811. 8607 PHARMACY CRIME Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To urge government officials to enforce fully the pharmacy crime laws in accord with statutory requirements. This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8609 COUNTERFEITING Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To encourage FDA to take the steps necessary to ensure that all drug products entering the country be thoroughly inspected to establish that they have not been adulterated or misbranded; further, To urge Congress to provide adequate funding or authority to impose user fees to accomplish this objective. This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8610 PHARMACY TECHNICIANS Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To work toward the removal of legislative and regulatory barriers preventing pharmacists from delegating certain technical activities to other trained personnel. This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8611 "DESIGNER DRUGS" This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9823. 8612 INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS Source: Council on Professional Affairs To not advocate, at this time, adoption of the International System of Units (SI units) as the exclusive labeling for drug dosages and concentrations; further, To urge labelers to include: (1) units of mass, volume, or percentage concentrations and (2) moles or millimoles in labeling until the health professions and the public can be educated and be comfortable with use of SI units in prescribing and labeling drug products. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Professional Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8613 ELIMINATION OF APOTHECARY SYSTEM Source: Council on Professional Affairs To recommend to all health professions and to the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (PMA) (Now the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)) that the apothecary system be eliminated in referring to dosage quantities and strengths. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Professional Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8614 MEDICATION ERRORS AND RISK MANAGEMENT Source: Council on Professional Affairs To urge that pharmacists be included in hospitals risk-management processes; further, To emphasize the subject of medication errors in ASHP s publications and educational programs. 8616 INVESTIGATIONAL USE OF DRUGS Source: Council on Professional Affairs To reaffirm and publicize existing ASHP policy concerning the pharmacist s responsibilities for the control of the investigational use of drugs; further, To urge pharmacists to develop formal liaison relationships between institutional review boards and pharmacy and therapeutics committees. 8619 NONTRADITIONAL PHARMACY PRACTICE SETTINGS Source: Council on Professional Affairs To give appropriate emphasis to pharmacy practice settings outside the hospital in future revisions of ASHP Statements, Guidelines, and Technical Assistance Bulletins. 8501 MARKETING OF SERVICES This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9905. 8503 USE OF BAR CODES IN HOSPITAL PHARMACY This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9906. 8504 STATEMENT ON THIRD-PARTY COMPENSATION FOR CLINICAL SERVICES BY PHARMACISTS Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To approve the ASHP Statement on Third-Party Compensation for Clinical Services by Pharmacists. This Statement supersedes the ASHP Statement on Reimbursement and Payment for Clinical Pharmacy Services dated June 8, 1981. 8505 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRACTICE SITES AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9810. 8506 INTERNSHIP, EXTERNSHIP, AND CLERKSHIP Source: Council on Educational Affairs To endorse the recommendation of the APhA Task Force on Pharmacy Education and the statement in the proposed American Council on Pharmaceutical Education Accreditation Standard that states: The curriculum should contain an externship and a clerkship of such quality and quantity to serve in lieu of the internship requirement. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Educational Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8507 CAREER COUNSELING Source: Council on Educational Affairs To urge colleges of pharmacy to develop career counseling programs to make students aware of postgraduate career options, including residency training and career paths in various types of practice; further, To urge that career counseling occur in a structured manner early in the curriculum and be continued throughout the curriculum; further, To urge practitioners in various organized health-care settings to make themselves available to colleges of pharmacy for participation in both structured and unstructured career counseling. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Educational Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8508 EXTERNAL DEGREE PROGRAMS AND INITIATIVES FOR HELPING PRACTITIONERS UPGRADE SKILLS Source: Council on Educational Affairs To encourage the broadest possible consortial approach to developing viable and widely available external degree programs within the shortest possible time; further, To urge schools of pharmacy to develop flexible mechanisms that permit full-time practitioners to participate in courses in the contemporary curriculum and to urge directors of pharmacy to encourage staff participation in part-time academic work and to develop appropriate and flexible work hours to permit full-time staff to become part-time students; further, To urge educational consortia, colleges of pharmacy, and other organizations to evaluate options in addition to a formal external degree program that can assist practitioners in upgrading their skills and to encourage these groups to develop a curricular approach to continuing education aimed at improving practice competence; further, To urge these groups to develop measurable performance criteria for competence. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Educational Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8510 ORGAN TRANSPLANT LEGISLATION Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To support the coverage of outpatient drugs, specifically immunosuppressive drugs, and related professional services of pharmacists needed by organ transplant patients if organ transplantation is paid for through public or private health insurance plans. This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8511 PHARMACIST DISPENSING OF CERTAIN DRUGS Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To support improvement of availability, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness of health care through appropriate changes in applicable federal statutes and regulations to authorize pharmacists to dispense certain drug products directly to patients (after appropriate professional consultation) without a prescription; further, To base such support on the following principles:
This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8512 FDA REVIEW OF DRUG PRODUCTS FOR SAFETY AND EFFICACY Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To seek appropriate statutory, regulatory, and policy changes to assure that all drug products marketed in a new dosage form, or marketed for a new indication or new route of administration, be evaluated to determine safety and efficacy for the intended use as set forth in the products labeling. This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8514 NATIONAL DRUG CODE Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To support standardization of the product identification and package size identification components of the National Drug Code. This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8515 CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES REGULATIONS This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9813. 8516 SINGLE UNIT PACKAGES Source: Council on Professional Affairs To express concern about the following aspects of single unit packaging: (1) the small size of some single unit packages, which makes their labeling difficult to read; and (2) the variability in size and shape of outer cartons, which complicates inventory management; further, To notify PMA of these concerns. 8517 STATEMENT ON INSTITUTIONAL PHARMACY RESEARCH This statement was superseded by the ASHP Statement on Pharmaceutical Research in Organized Health-Care Settings and ASHP policy 9111. 8519 HOSPITAL PHARMACY MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (HPMIS) This policy was discontinued in 1999. 8520 BULK RESALE OF DRUG PRODUCTS Source: House of Delegates New Business To support legislation that would specifically prohibit bulk resale of drugs by pharmacies except for: (1) sales otherwise permitted by law to affiliated corporations in furtherance of a planned, integrated approach to delivery of health care within a health-care corporate structure; and (2) sales by bona fide group purchasing arrangements to members.
8402 HEALTH-CARE FINANCING: DEPARTMENTAL STRATEGIES This policy was discontinued in 1999. 8403 HOME HEALTH CARE This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9905. 8406 PATIENT EDUCATION This policy was discontinued in 1998. 8407 ASHP PRACTICE STANDARDS AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF EDUCATIONAL PROCESS Source: Council on Educational Affairs To encourage faculties in schools of pharmacy and preceptors of ASHP-accredited residency training programs to use the ASHP standards of practice as an integral part of training programs and courses. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Educational Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8408 DRUG PRICE COMPETITION ACT POST-1962 ABBREVIATED NEW DRUG APPLICATION LEGISLATION Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To support legislation that would amend the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act to authorize an abbreviated new drug application for generic new drugs equivalent to approved new drugs (post-1962), as long as applicable standards of quality control, bioavailability, and patient care and safety are met. This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8409 VETERANS ADMINISTRATION PERSONNEL LEGISLATION This policy was discontinued in 1998. 8410 USE OF DRUGS IN CAPITAL PUNISHMENT Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To support the following concepts:
This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8411 DISSOLUTION OF COUNCIL ON EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS Source: House of Delegates Resolution To ask that the Board of Directors of ASHP reevaluate the objectives and purpose of the ASHP Council on Educational Affairs and that the Council on Educational Affairs be dissolved if appropriate responsibilities cannot be identified for it. 8412 AFFILIATED STATE CHAPTER MEMBERSHIP AND ASHP APPOINTMENTS Source: House of Delegates Resolution To urge that ASHP members who also hold membership in their state or regional affiliated chapters be given some priority when being considered for appointment to ASHP committees, councils, commissions, and SIGs. 8301 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SKILLS Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To approve, as a major direction and effort, the development of programs and services aimed at improving financial management skills and awareness of ASHP members relative to cost containment, reimbursement, and management; further, To consider development of the following specific services: Continuing education curricula for use by affiliated state chapters that would include detailed program outlines and regional listings of speakers or speaker bureaus. Correspondence courses or certificate programs or both (where possible, to be in conjunction with university systems). Focused attention on the financial management of hospital pharmacy departments through the residency accreditation process. Further, to request that the SIG on Administrative Pharmacy Practice and affiliated state chapters give high programming priority to financial management topics. 8302 MEDICAID COST-CONTAINMENT OPTIONS This policy was discontinued in 1998. 8303 MATERIALS MANAGEMENT Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To reiterate the following elements of ASHP s position on the topic of materials management (Board of Directors minutes, November 15 16, 1979): To alert hospital pharmacists of current trends in hospital materials management; further, To advise AHA that a hospital s pharmacy department must be considered part of the institution s clinical services and should not be administered as a function of the materials handling department. Further, to consider the following in an effort to assist members in quantifying and dealing with this perceived problem: Development of a model survey questionnaire on the topic; this questionnaire would be used by ASHP s affiliated state chapters and would be designed to quantify and qualify the nature of this apparent trend. Expansion of communication and liaison with such groups as materials management associations and the American College of Hospital Administrators. Communication of the nature of this problem to the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (specifically those instances in which pharmacy control of the drug-use process is seriously impaired). 8305 OUTPLACEMENT OF PHARMACY DIRECTORS This policy was discontinued in 1999. 8306 STATEMENT ON THE FORMULARY SYSTEM Source: Council on Clinical Affairs To approve the ASHP Statement on the Formulary System as revised November 18, 1982. This statement supersedes the ASHP Statement on the Guiding Principles on the Operation of the Hospital Formulary System dated January 10, 1964. 8308 P.D. (PHARMACY DOCTOR) DESIGNATION FOR PHARMACISTS Source: Council on Educational Affairs To oppose the use of P.D. or any other designation that implies an academically conferred degree where none exists; further, To state the following reasons for this position:
Further, to continue to encourage colleges of pharmacy to make available reentry opportunities for midcareer practitioners who wish to pursue a Pharm.D. degree or other advanced program on a part-time basis. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Educational Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8309 HEROIN LEGALIZATION FOR MEDICAL USE This policy was superseded by ASHP policy 9815. 8310 SIZE, COLOR, AND SHAPE OF DRUG PRODUCTS Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To approve the authority of manufacturers to copy the size, shape, and color of generically equivalent drug products as a means of promoting better patient compliance (rational drug therapy), but only when the source and identity of the product are readily ascertainable from a uniform mark or symbol on the product. This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Legal and Public Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8311 ASHP PLANNING PROCESS AND ASHP LONG-TERM GOALS Source: House of Delegates Resolution To encourage ASHP s long-range planning process and to inform the membership annually of the activities, conclusions, and outcomes of this process. 8312 DEA RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS Source: House of Delegates Resolution To work in conjunction with DEA to establish regulations that provide alternative methods to the present recordkeeping requirements for less abused controlled substances. 8201 PLAN OF ACTION FOR DEALING WITH PHARMACY REIMBURSEMENT MATTERS Source: Council on Administrative Affairs To pursue the following plan of action to deal with pharmacy reimbursement:
This policy was reviewed in 1997 by the Council on Administrative Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8205 STUDIES ON COSTS AND BENEFITS OF CLINICAL PHARMACY SERVICES Source: Council on Clinical Affairs To request that the ASHP Research and Education Foundation encourage studies to assess costs and patient benefits of various clinical pharmacy services in different types and sizes of institutions. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Educational Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8207 MEDIATED CONTINUING EDUCATION PROGRAMMING Source: Council on Educational Affairs To develop a pilot educational program for presentation to ASHP members sent through a video satellite network teleconferencing medium; further, To consider the topic of reimbursement for pharmacy services for the first teleconferencing program; further, To conduct the first program in 1982, if feasible; further, To establish, within ASHP s organizational structure, a responsibility center to advise how electronic technologies can be used in continuing education and member communication activities and to recommend a timetable for implementing these applications. 8210 CONTINGENCY PLAN TO ASSIST STATE CHAPTERS' ADJUSTMENTS TO FEDERAL BUDGET REFORMS This policy was discontinued in 1998. 8211 PATENT TERM RESTORATION This policy was discontinued in 1998. 8212 HOME HEALTH CARE Source: Council on Legal and Public Affairs To support, based on the following principles, the extension of home health services under Medicare and Medicaid as alternatives to institutionalization:
8213 PHARMACY CRIME This policy was discontinued in 1998. 8214 APPORTIONMENT/DELEGATE REPRESENTATION Source: Council on Organizational Affairs To reaffirm the following policy: ASHP active members will be given the choice of which address (home or business) to be used to determine state delegate apportionment and delegate representation. If the member does not indicate a choice, representation will default to the state represented by the existing membership mailing address. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Organizational Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8215 PROXY/ABSENTEE BALLOTS Source: Council on Organizational Affairs To oppose the resolution recommending the development of proxy/absentee balloting programs for the ASHP House of Delegates. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Organizational Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8216 ANNUAL MEETING REGISTRATION FEES FOR DELEGATES Source: Council on Organizational Affairs To not waive or reduce registration fees for delegates attending the ASHP Annual Meeting. This policy was reviewed in 1996 by the Council on Organizational Affairs and by the Board of Directors and was found to still be appropriate. 8219 AMERICAN HOSPITAL FORMULARY SERVICE Source: House of Delegates Resolution To proceed as rapidly as possible with developing improvements to the American Hospital Formulary Service and publishing spinoffs, based on sound market surveys and financial considerations, and to keep the membership frequently informed of the directions and plans of the Society with regard to improving and expanding the utility of the American Hospital Formulary Service database.
Copyright 1999, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. All rights reserved. IndexA Abbreviated new drug applications; generic drugs, 8408 Access to pharmacists, 9706 Accreditation; residencies, 8715 Administration devices; pharmacist s role, 9306 Administration of medications; pharmacist s role, 9820 Administration systems; manufacturer s role, 9202 Administrators, see Directors Adulteration, see Counterfeit drugs Advertising; direct-to-consumer, 9701 Adverse drug reaction; reporting, 9918 Affiliated chapters, see State chapters AHA, see American Hospital Association AIDS, see Human Immunodeficiency Virus Alcohol abuse, 9823 Alcoholics Anonymous; impaired pharmacists, 9823 Alternative delivery sites, see Nontraditional practice settings Ambulatory care marketing, 9905 needs assessment, 9905 reimbursement; transplantation-related drugs and services, 8510 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP); hospital practice sites, 8505 American College of Hospital Administrators; materials management, 8303 American Council on Pharmaceutical Education support for interdisciplinary patient care training, 9914 American Hospital Association (AHA) materials management, 8303 American Hospital Formulary Service; development, 8219 American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA) education, undergraduate, 8506 impaired pharmacists, 9823 Annual Meeting; registration fees, 8216 Apothecary system; elimination, 8613 Appearance; generic drugs, 8310 Appointments; qualifications, 8412 Apportionment, 8214 ASHP name change, 9411 ASHP Research and Education Foundation; cost-effectiveness, 8201, 8205 ASHP Statement on Continuing Education, 9002 ASHP Statement on Pharmaceutical Care, 9304 ASHP Statement on Pharmaceutical Research in Organized Health-Care Settings, 9111 ASHP Statement on Pharmacist Decision-Making in Assisted Suicide, 9916 ASHP Statement on the Confidentiality of Patient Health Care Information, 9917 ASHP Statement on the Formulary System, 8306 ASHP Statement on the Pharmacist s Responsibility for Distribution and Control of Drugs, 9504 ASHP Statement on the Pharmacist s Role in Clinical Pharmacokinetic Monitoring, 9821 ASHP Statement on the Pharmacist's Role in Infection Control, 9822 ASHP Statement on the Role of the Pharmacist in Patient-Focused Care; approval, 9505 ASHP Statement on the Pharmacist's Role in Primary Care, 9922 ASHP Statement on the Pharmacist's Role in Substance Abuse Prevention, Education, and Assistance, 9823 ASHP Statement on the Pharmacist s Role with Respect to Drug Delivery Systems and Administration Devices, 9306 ASHP Statement on the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee, 9209 ASHP Statement on the Use of Medications for Unlabeled Uses, 9208 ASHP Statement on Third-Party Compensation for Clinical Services by Pharmacists, 8504 ASHP Statement on Unit Dose Drug Distribution, 8907 ASHP s organizational structure and governing process; review of, 8811 Assisted suicide ASHP position, 9915 pharmacist's decision-making, 9916 Audit; internal for billing accuracy, 9902 Automated systems, 9205 drug distribution, 9813 B Bar code technology evaluation, 9906 contents on package labels, 9906 Billing; fraudulent, 9902 Blood products management, 9919 Blue Cross/Blue Shield; reimbursement, 8201 Bulk resale of drugs; legislation, 8520 Business leaders; patient care policy responsibilities, 9819 C Capital punishment; ethics, 8410 Care MAPs; disease management plans; multidisciplinary action plans, 9804 Careers; counseling, 8507 Chemical dependence, see Substance abuse Clerkships; curriculum, 8506 Clinical pharmacy services cost-effectiveness, 8205 quality, 9808 reimbursement, 8504 Clinical drug research geriatrics, 8711 models, 8712 pediatrics, 8711 Codes National Drug Code, 8514 solid oral dosage forms, 8709 Collaborative drug therapy, 9801, 9812 primary care, 9922 Colleges of pharmacy career counseling, 8507 external degrees, 8508 health-system practice sites for undergraduates, 9810 interdisciplinary patient care training, 9914 leadership training, 9913 Competency; education, continuing, 850, 9502 Complementary and alternative substances, 9817, 9818 Compounding versus manufacturing, 9107 Computers software vendors, 9907 standards, data formatting, 9909 Confidentiality; patient information, 9917 Conscientious objection, 9802 Consulting firms, external; communication with, 9907 Consumer education, 9705, 9921 Continuing education ASHP Statement on Continuing Education, 9002 ASHP support to affiliated state chapters, 8802 competencies, 9502 external degrees, 8508 financial management, 8301 needs, 8705 non-traditional Pharm.D., 9502 reimbursement, 8201 teleconferences, 8207 use of tobacco at ASHP-sponsored events, 8807 Control, see Distribution Controlled substances automated systems, 9813 regulations, 8312 Cost containment, pharmacy services, 8402 Cost-effectiveness ambulatory care, 9905 clinical pharmacy, 8205 home care, 9905 pharmacy services, 8402 research, 8201 Council on Educational Affairs; responsibilities, 8411 Council on Therapeutics; proposed creation of, 8809 Counterfeit drugs; legislation, 8609 Crime; pharmacy; law enforcement, 8607 Curriculum; education, undergraduate, 8506 D Data collection continuing education, 8705 manpower, 8704 materials management, 8303 reimbursement, 8201 Degrees external, 8508 P.D. (Pharmacy Doctor), 8308 Pharm.D., 8308, 9809 Delegate representation, 8214 Delegates; registration fees, 8216 Designer drugs, 9823 Dietary supplements, 9817 Direct to consumer advertising, 9701 Directors of Pharmacy patient care policy responsibilities, 9819 staff development, 8706 Disease management plans; CareMAPS; multidisciplinary actions plans, 9804 Dispensing; pharmacists without prescription, 8511 Doctor of Pharmacy degree; entry-level, 9809 Documentation; pharmaceutical care; patient outcomes, 9308, 9910 Dosage forms codes, 8709 FDA approval, 8512 Downsizing the pharmacy department, 9907 Drug abuse, see Substance abuse, 9823 Drug control, see Distribution Drug costs, 9003 Drug delivery systems high technology, 9106 pharmacist s role, 9306 Drug diversion, 9823 labeling, 9007 naming, 9007, 9011 packaging, 9007 pricing, 9003 reimbursement; unlabeled use, 9001 samples, 9702 testing, 9103, 9108 Drug distribution automated systems, 9813 investigational drugs, 8616 pharmacist's role, 9908 responsibilities, 9104 unit dose, 8907 Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) automated systems, 9813 records, 8312 Drug information (medication information) pharmacist's validation, 9921 Drug Price Competition Act; generic drugs, 8408 Drug therapy consensus documents, 8809 pharmacokinetics, 9821 Dues rate, 9121, 9614 Dying patients, 9814, 9816 E Economics, see Reimbursement, Cost containment, Cost-effectiveness Education, 8407 see also Staff development compounding, 9107 consumer, 9705, 9921 Council on Educational Affairs, 8411 dying patients, 9814 interdisciplinary patient care, 9914 human immunodeficiency virus, 8808 pain management, 9815 residency accreditation, 8715 substance abuse, 9823 Education, medical; funding, 8605 Education, postgraduate career counseling, 8507 Pharm.D., 8308, 9809 Education, undergraduate curriculum, 8506 health-system practice sites, 9810 Elderly, see Geriatrics Electronic communication of medical information, 9204, 9909 Electronic information systems, 9909 Electronic entry; medication orders, prescriptions, 9806, 9909 Emergency preparedness, 9904 Employment truth verification and integrity testing, 9108 Ethics capital punishment, 8410 clinical trials, 8711 code for pharmacists, 9607 nontraditional practice settings, 9905 Expanded services, see Nontraditional practice settings Expiration dates; pharmaceutical products, 9309 Externships curriculum, 8506 health-system practice sites, 9810 F FDA, see Food and Drug Administration Financial management programs, 8301 Financing, see Reimbursement Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of new dosage form, indication, route of administration, 8512 counterfeit drugs, 8609 reform, 9606 Formulary system, 8306, 9209, 9601, 9803 IRB relationship, 8616 G Generic drug products abbreviated new drug application, 8408 evaluation, 9005 legislation, 8408, 9005, 9010 look-alike, 8310 manufacturing, 8310 selection, 9005 testing, 9010 Geriatrics; clinical trials, 8711 Goals; long-range planning, 8311 Governing process; ASHP, 8811 Graduate medical education funding, 9811 H Health-care financing, see Reimbursement Health-care reform, 9303 Health risks; alcohol and other substances, 9823 Home care see also Nontraditional practice settings marketing, 9905 needs assessment, 9905 reimbursement, 8212, 9004 Home intravenous therapy; reimbursement, 9004 Hospital Financial Management Association; reimbursement, 8201 Human Immunodeficiency Virus education of pharmacists, 8808 needle and syringe exchange, 9711 testing, 9201 I Identification dosage forms, 8709 drug ingredients, 9011 drug products by color, 9608 generic drug products, 8310 National Drug Code, 8514 Immunization; pharmacist s role, 9113 Impaired pharmacists, 9823 programs, 9103, 9823 Indications, new; FDA approval, 8512 Industry, see Pharmaceutical manufacturers Infection control; pharmacist's role in, 9822 Information confidentiality, patient, 9917 electronic, 9204, 9806, 9807,9909 patient, 9807 reimbursement, 8201 Informed consent; clinical trials, 8711 Institutional Review Boards (IRB), 8616 International System of Units (SI units); labeling, 8612 Internships; education, undergraduate, 8506 Investigational drug control of, 8616 policies and procedures, 8712 studies, see Clinical trials Investigational review boards; liaisons, 8616 J Jails, see Correctional facilities Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations; pharmacist's role in drug procurement, distribution, and control, 9908 L Labeling; medication, drug products, 9007 Bar code technology, 9906 International System of Units, 8612 single unit packaging, 8516 Law enforcement; pharmacy crime, 8607 Leadership pharmacy managers, 9901 training, 9913 Legislation, support for bulk resale of drugs, 8520 collaborative drug therapy, 9812 counterfeit drugs, 8609 generic drug products, 8408, 9005, 9010 graduate medical education, 9811 home care, 8212 pharmacy residency funding, 9811 reimbursement, 8201, 8510, 9004 Long-range planning; goals, 8311 M Management see Financial management, Risk management, 9501 Managed-care settings; pharmacy practice in, 8801 Managers; pharmacy, 9901 Manpower; data collection, 8704 Marketing; nontraditional practice settings, 9905 Materials management, 8303 Medication administration needle-free administration systems, 9202 pharmacist's role, 9820 Medication errors human factors, 9609 reporting, 9206, 9918 risk management, 8614 Medication misadventures, 9805 Medication orders, prescriptions electronic entry, 9204, 9806 therapeutic purpose, 9708 Medication-use policy development (see Formulary system) Medication-use process; performance improvement, 9903 Mentors; pharmacy managers, 9901 Midyear Clinical Meeting, 9506 Misbranding, see Counterfeit drugs Models; clinical trials, 8712 Multidisciplinary action plans; Care MAPs; disease management plans, 9804 N Name change; ASHP, 9411 National Association of Boards of Pharmacy materials management, 8303 National Drug Code, 8514 Needle and syringe exchange, 9711 Nondiscriminitory pharmaceutical care, 9006 Nontraditional practice settings, 8619, see also Home care and Ambulatory care Nutritional support pharmacy; recognition as a specialty, 8812 O Organ transplantation, see Transplantation Organizational structure; ASHP, 8811 Outcome indicators, see Patient outcomes Outpatient services, see Ambulatory care P Packaging, 9007 single unit, 8516 Pain management, 9815 Patient assistance, 9703 Patient care dying patients, 9814, 9816 interdisciplinary training, 9914 multidisciplinary action plans; Care MAPs; disease management plans, 9804 nondiscriminatory, 9006 policies, 9819 Patient-focused care, 9401, 9505 Patient information, see Information Patient outcomes impact of pharmaceutical services, 9910 impact of productivity changes, 9907 Patients; right to choose, 9406 Payment policies; government, 9902 Pediatric clinical trials, 8711 dosage forms, 9707 Performance improvement; medication-use process, 9903 Pharmaceutical care definition of, 9304 documentation of, 9910 dying patients, 9816 nondiscriminitory, 9006 patient-focused care, 9401 Pharmaceutical manufacturers clinical trial procedure, 8712 codes, 8709 single unit packaging, 8516 Pharmacist dispensing without a prescription, 8511 Pharmacokinetic monitoring; pharmacist s role in, 9821 Pharmacy and therapeutics committee, see Formulary system Pharmacy, organized health-care settings; promoting image of, 8810 Pharmacy technicians certification, 9102, 9704 expanded role, 9613 training, 9912 Policies and procedures business leaders; patient care policy responsibilities, 9819 clinical trials, 8712 directors of pharmacy; patient care policy responsibilities, 9819 drug diversion, 9823 high-tech drugs, 9106 Practice settings managed-care , 8801 nontraditional; emphasis in practice standards, 8619 nutritional support; recognition as a specialty, 8812 Practice sites for undergraduates; health systems, 9810 Preceptors, 8407 Prescriptions, see medication orders Preventive care; role for pharmacists, 9407 Prices; drug product, 9003, 9105 Primary care; role for pharmacists, 9407, 9922 Productivity monitoring and reporting, 9907 Professional competency, see Competency Professional image, see Public relations Proxy/absentee ballots, 8215 Psychopharmacy; recognition as a specialty, 9122 Public relations organized health-care settings, 8810, 9710 pharmacists professional image, 8810, 9710 Publications American Hospital Formulary Service, 8219 reimbursement, 8201 Purchasing (procurement), 9003, 9105 pharmacist's role, 9908 Q Quality of clinical services, 9808 R Records; Drug Enforcement Administration, 8312 Recruitment materials, 9710 Recycling; pharmaceutical waste, 9110 Registration fees; delegates, 8216 Regulations FDA approval of new dosage form, indication, route of administration, 8512 automated systems, 9813 complementary and alternative substances, 9818 controlled substances, 8312, 9813 generic drug testing, 9010 pharmacist dispensing without a prescription, 8511 technicians, 8610 Reimbursement clinical services, 8504, 9004, 9308 continuing education, 8207 drugs, unlabeled use, 9001 education, medical, 9811 home care, 8212, 9004 home intravenous therapy, 9004 programs, 8201 transplantation-related drug and pharmacy services, 8510 Research, 9111 institutional pharmacy , 8517 cost-effectiveness, 8201, 8205 Residencies, 8407 accreditation, 8715 career counseling, 8507 financial management, 8301 funding, 9811 training, 9911 Resizing the pharmacy department, 9907 Right to choose; patients, 9406 Risk management; medication errors, 8614 Robbery, see Crime Route of administration; FDA approval, 8512 S Sales; bulk resale of drugs, 8520 Samples, see Drug samples SI units, see International System of Units Single unit packaging; problems, 8516 Smoking; opposition to, 8807 Software blood products management, 9919 workload measurement, 9907 Specialties; pharmacy practice endorsement of nutritional support pharmacy, 8812 endorsement of oncology pharmacy practice, 9310 endorsement of psychopharmacy, 9122 Staff development; director of pharmacy support; ASHP assistance, 8706 State chapters ASHP appointments, 8412 statewide continuing education programs, 8802 Student membership dues, 9009 Substance abuse education, 9823 impaired pharmacist, 9823 needle and syringe exchange, 9711 pharmacist's role in, 9823 treatment, 9711, 9823 Supportive personnel, see Technicians Surveys, see Data collection T Tamper-evident packaging on topical products, 9211 Technicians (see Pharmacy technicians) Teleconferences education, continuing, 8207 reimbursement, 8207 Telepharmacy, 9920 Terrorism; chemical and biological, 9904 Therapeutic interchange, 8708 Therapeutic substitution, see Therapeutic interchange Therapeutics, Council on; proposed creation of, 8809 Third-party compensation, see Reimbursement Tobacco; use and distribution in pharmacies, 8807 Training, see Education Transplantation; reimbursement for related drugs and services, 8510 U Unlabeled drug use; reimbursement, 9001 Undergraduate education, see Education, undergraduate Unit dose drug distribution, 8907 V Vaccines; availability, 8707 W Waste; pharmaceutical; recycling, 9110 Wholesalers; electronic data interchange, 9909 Workload monitoring and reporting, 9907 For additional information, please contact Joseph H. Deffenbaugh, M.P.H., R.Ph., Editor, at 301-657-3000, extension 1250.
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