August 2000

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BRIEFING

No more business as usual

Although AIDS vaccines may still be years away, policy makers must act radically and swiftly to ensure global access to them, say two new analyses

EVEN if the scientific hurdles to developing AIDS vaccines can be overcome, low-income countries may still wait decades for access to those vaccines, warns a hard-hitting report (1) released last month. The report, from the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), concludes that unless there is a "monumental shift" in the world’s approach to the use of vaccines, millions of people will be needlessly infected with HIV while they wait for those vaccines to "trickle down" to them. The report calls for immediate and radical changes in the global approach to vaccine production, licensure, pricing, purchasing and distribution, and sets out a five-point action plan.

Reality check

The report comes soon after a separate analysis of the prospects for developing and using AIDS vaccines, from José Esparza of the WHO-UNAIDS HIV Vaccine Initiative and Natth Bhamarapravati of Mahidol University, Thailand (2). The authors urge that trials of vaccine candidates be stepped up and that plans for universal access be made now. "The ultimate irony would be that a vaccine developed in collaboration with less-developed countries could actually contribute to increasing the gap and inequalities that the AIDS pandemic has created," they say.

		Esparza and Bhamarapravati focus mainly on getting vaccines tested. "The first step to increasing access to an HIV vaccine is to develop one," says Esparza. Only two efficacy trials are currently under way, with results from the first available as soon as 2001. WHO and UNAIDS will hold a consultation in October to estimate demand for vaccines, should current candidates show any protection. The IAVI report, whose principal author is Roy Widdus of the former Children’s Vaccine Initiative, says that the traditional paradigm for fostering the use of new vaccines in developing countries has been "a colossal public health failure". Because vaccine development is risky and usually privately financed, manufacturers tend to market their vaccines at first in high-income countries whose consumers can afford to pay the full price. Over time, typically around 15 years, the price falls as production capacity and efficiency increase; external aid donors and a few developing countries’ governments then start to buy the vaccines and they are introduced piecemeal over many years. The use of vaccines against hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) has followed this pattern, for example, with millions of preventable deaths as a result. "This approach — deplorable for any serious disease — is utterly unacceptable in the case of HIV," says the IAVI report. At the current rate of infection, even a delay of five years between the licensing of an AIDS vaccine and its widespread introduction in low-income countries would mean up to 30 million needless HIV infections.
"How to avoid AIDS", says the poster from Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of Congo. But a vaccine would make it easier

IAVI identifies key reasons for the slow introduction of existing vaccines into low-income countries. These include lack of money, the low priority placed on disease prevention by most governments, and, in some high-income countries, the political unpopularity of differential pricing policies for health products. In addition, manufacturers must navigate the "fragmented and uncoordinated" regulatory systems of different nations for approving vaccines, and must scale up production for global needs.

In the case of AIDS vaccines, these problems are compounded, the IAVI report says, by additional challenges: crucially, in the poorer countries there is little or no infrastructure for distributing vaccines to the population groups that most urgently need immunizing against HIV — adolescents and sexually active adults. Most vaccines are given to infants and, although some have argued that HIV vaccines could also be given to this age group, the IAVI report says that such an approach could introduce further delays. The efficacy of a vaccine administered in infancy might not be known until many years of trials have passed, and the duration of protection would also be difficult to determine, says Widdus. "You could end up postponing [implementation] for 10 years and then still find that you need a booster in adolescence." On top of these problems, planning now for large-scale production is difficult because experimental AIDS vaccines are evolving fast.

Moving target

Whereas "first-generation" vaccines, as defined by IAVI, may provide only 40% protection and may require multiple doses, a "third-generation" vaccine might offer 90% protection, be administered orally, and require only occasional boosters. Clearly, each vaccine type would have its own specific requirements for volume, delivery and counselling. Overall, choices about the types of vaccines used and the speed at which they are introduced could decide the fate of millions of people over the course of the epidemic (Figure 1).

Source: IAVI

Figure 1: Projected global AIDS deaths with different vaccine strategies
The top curve shows projected deaths in the absence of a vaccine. Lower curves show the likely effects of using vaccines of different efficacy, either immediately on licensure, or after delays.

A third critical problem with HIV vaccines is that no one yet knows whether a vaccine based on one strain of the virus will protect against other strains. In many communities, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, multiple strains are now circulating. The report says that studies to establish whether vaccines can protect against several strains must be run in parallel and must be strategically coordinated. Otherwise the assessment process could take several additional years.

IAVI lists five key requirements to ensure rapid access to vaccines:

• Effective pricing and global financing mechanisms
  
  
• Reliable estimates of demand and required production capacity
  
  
• Appropriate delivery systems for adolescents, sexually active adults and other at-risk populations
  
  
• Harmonization of national regulations and international guidance for vaccine approval and distribution
  
  
• Immediate steps to widen access to existing, under-used vaccines against other major diseases, using mechanisms such as GAVI and the Global Fund for Children’s Vaccines

Political leaders and the private sector are challenged to endorse the use of tiered pricing for AIDS vaccines, so that low-income countries will be able to pay what they can afford while manufacturers will still get a satisfactory return on their investment. The report calls for "credible" financial commitments from the industrialized nations to buy and deliver vaccines to developing countries.

Much more effort is also needed, it says, to convince finance ministers and donors of the value of preventing disease, particularly AIDS which is almost always fatal and which affects young, productive adults. The report suggests that, on the basis of existing knowledge, an HIV vaccine could be cost-effective at prices up to 50 times higher than the traditional children’s vaccines. Detailed studies on the cost-effectiveness of hypothetical HIV vaccines have not been done yet. But the President of IAVI, Seth Berkley, says they are a priority.

As for the design of delivery systems that would reach adolescents and young adults, Widdus argues for radical rethinking of the traditional approach. "We have basically got to think about lots of different points of access and forget about a single system that reaches 95% [of the target population]", he says. Instead of traditional delivery systems, vaccines might need to be given in a variety of settings including some outside the usual framework - for example, through schools and outreach services that promote condom use with sex workers and street children. Planning the delivery of vaccines must also take account of political and religious sensitivities that may affect people’s demand for immunization, says Widdus. AIDS vaccines for adolescents would probably be most acceptable if they were offered together with other interventions, such as tetanus, rubella and hepatitis B vaccines and health education.
		The long wait: Congolese painting promotes condoms as still the best way to prevent HIV infection

"To think about intelligent healthcare packages takes time," says Widdus. "We need to start thinking about this now, not because there will be a vaccine next week, but because these things are intrinsically difficult and we are more likely to make mistakes if we rush at the last minute."

The IAVI report’s fifth recommendation — that existing under-used vaccines against major diseases such as hepatitis B or Hib be rapidly and effectively introduced in developing countries through partnerships such as GAVI — will be the key test, it argues. If industry boardrooms are convinced that partnerships for the introduction of these vaccines can work, then partnerships for AIDS vaccines are also more likely to move ahead, says the report.

Tore Godal, Executive Secretary of GAVI says: "We must not be paralysed by problems that are still hypothetical. Instead we should work hard to develop the vaccines themselves and then use every mechanism at our disposal — including GAVI — to get them quickly to those who need them most."

References

1. AIDS Vaccines for the World: Preparing now to assure access. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, July 2000. Download or read online summaries from http://www.iavi.org/

2. Accelerating the development and future availability of HIV-1 vaccines: why, when, where and how? José Esparza and Natth Bhamarapravati. Lancet 355: 2061-66. Medline: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10885368&dopt=Abstract

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