--H.R.775--
H.R.775
One Hundred Sixth Congress
of the
United States of America
AT THE FIRST SESSION
Begun and held at the City of Washington on Wednesday,
the sixth day of January, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine
An Act
To establish certain procedures for civil actions brought for damages
relating to the failure of any device or system to process or otherwise deal
with the transition from the year 1999 to the year 2000, and for other
purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF SECTIONS.
(a) SHORT TITLE- This Act may be cited as the `Y2K Act'.
(b) TABLE OF SECTIONS- The table of sections for this Act is as
follows:
Sec. 1. Short title; table of sections.
Sec. 2. Findings and purposes.
Sec. 4. Application of Act.
Sec. 5. Punitive damages limitations.
Sec. 6. Proportionate liability.
Sec. 7. Prelitigation notice.
Sec. 8. Pleading requirements.
Sec. 9. Duty to mitigate.
Sec. 10. Application of existing impossibility or commercial
impracticability doctrines.
Sec. 11. Damages limitation by contract.
Sec. 12. Damages in tort claims.
Sec. 13. State of mind; bystander liability; control.
Sec. 14. Appointment of special masters or magistrate judges for Y2K
actions.
Sec. 15. Y2K actions as class actions.
Sec. 16. Applicability of State law.
Sec. 17. Admissible evidence ultimate issue in State courts.
Sec. 18. Suspension of penalties for certain year 2000 failures by small
business concerns.
SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES.
(a) FINDINGS- The Congress finds the following:
(1)(A) Many information technology systems, devices, and programs are
not capable of recognizing certain dates in 1999 and after December 31,
1999, and will read dates in the year 2000 and thereafter as if those dates
represent the year 1900 or thereafter or will fail to process dates after
December 31, 1999.
(B) If not corrected, the problem described in subparagraph (A) and
resulting failures could incapacitate systems that are essential to the
functioning of markets, commerce, consumer products, utilities, Government,
and safety and defense systems, in the United States and throughout the
world.
(2) It is in the national interest that producers and users of
technology products concentrate their attention and resources in the time
remaining before January 1, 2000, on assessing, fixing, testing, and
developing contingency plans to address any and all outstanding year 2000
computer date-change problems, so as to minimize possible disruptions
associated with computer failures.
(3)(A) Because year 2000 computer date-change problems may affect
virtually all businesses and other users of technology products to some
degree, there is a substantial likelihood that actual or potential year 2000
failures will prompt a significant volume of litigation, much of it
insubstantial.
(B) The litigation described in subparagraph (A) would have a range of
undesirable effects, including the following:
(i) It would threaten to waste technical and financial resources that
are better devoted to curing year 2000 computer date-change problems and
ensuring that systems remain or become operational.
(ii) It could threaten the network of valued and trusted business and
customer relationships that are important to the effective functioning of
the national economy.
(iii) It would strain the Nation's legal system, causing particular
problems for the small businesses and individuals who already find that
system inaccessible because of its complexity and expense.
(iv) The delays, expense, uncertainties, loss of control, adverse
publicity, and animosities that frequently accompany litigation of
business disputes could exacerbate the difficulties associated with the
date change and work against the successful resolution of those
difficulties.
(4) It is appropriate for the Congress to enact legislation to assure
that the year 2000 problems described in this section do not unnecessarily
disrupt interstate commerce or create unnecessary caseloads in Federal
courts and to provide initiatives to help businesses prepare and be in a
position to withstand the potentially devastating economic impact of such
problems.
(5) Resorting to the legal system for resolution of year 2000 problems
described in this section is not feasible for many businesses and
individuals who already find the legal system inaccessible, particularly
small businesses and individuals who already find the legal system
inaccessible, because of its complexity and expense.
(6) Concern about the potential for liability--in particular, concern
about the substantial litigation expense associated with defending against
even the most insubstantial lawsuits--is prompting many persons and
businesses with technical expertise to avoid projects aimed at curing year
2000 computer date-change problems.
(7) A proliferation of frivolous lawsuits relating to year 2000 computer
date-change problems by opportunistic parties may further limit access to
courts by straining the resources of the legal system and depriving
deserving parties of their legitimate rights to relief.
(8) Congress encourages businesses to approach their disputes relating
to year 2000 computer date-change problems responsibly, and to avoid
unnecessary, time-consuming, and costly litigation about Y2K failures,
particularly those that are not material. Congress supports good faith
negotiations between parties when there is such a dispute, and, if
necessary, urges the parties to enter into voluntary, nonbinding mediation
rather than litigation.
(b) PURPOSES- Based upon the power of the Congress under Article I,
Section 8, Clause 3 of the Constitution of the United States, the purposes of
this Act are--
(1) to establish uniform legal standards that give all businesses and
users of technology products reasonable incentives to solve year 2000
computer date-change problems before they develop;
(2) to encourage continued remediation and testing efforts to solve such
problems by providers, suppliers, customers, and other contracting
partners;
(3) to encourage private and public parties alike to resolve disputes
relating to year 2000 computer date-change problems by alternative dispute
mechanisms in order to avoid costly and time-consuming litigation, to
initiate those mechanisms as early as possible, and to encourage the prompt
identification and correction of such problems; and
(4) to lessen the burdens on interstate commerce by discouraging
insubstantial lawsuits while preserving the ability of individuals and
businesses that have suffered real injury to obtain complete relief.
SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS.
(1) Y2K ACTION- The term `Y2K action'--
(A) means a civil action commenced in any Federal or State court, or
an agency board of contract appeal proceeding, in which the plaintiff's
alleged harm or injury arises from or is related to an actual or potential
Y2K failure, or a claim or defense arises from or is related to an actual
or potential Y2K failure;
(B) includes a civil action commenced in any Federal or State court by
a government entity when acting in a commercial or contracting capacity;
but
(C) does not include an action brought by a government entity acting
in a regulatory, supervisory, or enforcement capacity.
(2) Y2K FAILURE- The term `Y2K failure' means failure by any device or
system (including any computer system and any microchip or integrated
circuit embedded in another device or product), or any software, firmware,
or other set or collection of processing instructions to process, to
calculate, to compare, to sequence, to display, to store, to transmit, or to
receive year-2000 date-related data, including failures--
(A) to deal with or account for transitions or comparisons from, into,
and between the years 1999 and 2000 accurately;
(B) to recognize or accurately to process any specific date in 1999,
2000, or 2001; or
(C) accurately to account for the year 2000's status as a leap year,
including recognition and processing of the correct date on February 29,
2000.
(3) GOVERNMENT ENTITY- The term `government entity' means an agency,
instrumentality, or other entity of Federal, State, or local government
(including multijurisdictional agencies, instrumentalities, and
entities).
(4) MATERIAL DEFECT- The term `material defect' means a defect in any
item, whether tangible or intangible, or in the provision of a service, that
substantially prevents the item or service from operating or functioning as
designed or according to its specifications. The term `material defect' does
not include a defect that--
(A) has an insignificant or de minimis effect on the operation or
functioning of an item or computer program;
(B) affects only a component of an item or program that, as a whole,
substantially operates or functions as designed; or
(C) has an insignificant or de minimis effect on the efficacy of the
service provided.
(5) PERSONAL INJURY- The term `personal injury' means physical injury to
a natural person, including--
(A) death as a result of a physical injury; and
(B) mental suffering, emotional distress, or similar injuries suffered
by that person in connection with a physical injury.
(6) STATE- The term `State' means any State of the United States, the
District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana
Islands, the United States Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and any
other territory or possession of the United States, and any political
subdivision thereof.
(7) CONTRACT- The term `contract' means a contract, tariff, license, or
warranty.
(8) ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION- The term `alternative dispute
resolution' means any process or proceeding, other than adjudication by a
court or in an administrative proceeding, to assist in the resolution of
issues in controversy, through processes such as early neutral evaluation,
mediation, minitrial, and arbitration.
SEC. 4. APPLICATION OF ACT.
(a) GENERAL RULE- This Act applies to any Y2K action brought after January
1, 1999, for a Y2K failure occurring before January 1, 2003, or for a
potential Y2K failure that could occur or has allegedly caused harm or injury
before January 1, 2003, including any appeal, remand, stay, or other judicial,
administrative, or alternative dispute resolution proceeding in such an
action.
(b) NO NEW CAUSE OF ACTION CREATED- Nothing in this Act creates a new
cause of action, and, except as otherwise explicitly provided in this Act,
nothing in this Act expands any liability otherwise imposed or limits any
defense otherwise available under Federal or State law.
(c) CLAIMS FOR PERSONAL INJURY OR WRONGFUL DEATH EXCLUDED- This Act does
not apply to a claim for personal injury or for wrongful death.
(d) Warranty and Contract Preservation-
(1) IN GENERAL- Subject to paragraph (2), in any Y2K action any written
contractual term, including a limitation or an exclusion of liability, or a
disclaimer of warranty, shall be strictly enforced unless the enforcement of
that term would manifestly and directly contravene applicable State law
embodied in any statute in effect on January 1, 1999, specifically
addressing that term.
(2) INTERPRETATION OF CONTRACT- In any Y2K action in which a contract to
which paragraph (1) applies is silent as to a particular issue, the
interpretation of the contract as to that issue shall be determined by
applicable law in effect at the time the contract was executed.
(3) UNCONSCIONABILITY- Nothing in paragraph (1) shall prevent
enforcement of State law doctrines of unconscionability, including adhesion,
recognized as of January 1, 1999, in controlling judicial precedent by the
courts of the State whose law applies to the Y2K action.
(e) PREEMPTION OF STATE LAW- This Act supersedes State law to the extent
that it establishes a rule of law applicable to a Y2K action that is
inconsistent with State law, but nothing in this Act implicates, alters, or
diminishes the ability of a State to defend itself against any claim on the
basis of sovereign immunity.
(f) APPLICATION WITH YEAR 2000 INFORMATION AND READINESS DISCLOSURE ACT-
Nothing in this Act supersedes any provision of the Year 2000 Information and
Readiness Disclosure Act.
(g) APPLICATION TO ACTIONS BROUGHT BY A GOVERNMENT ENTITY-
(1) IN GENERAL- To the extent provided in this subsection, this Act
shall apply to an action brought by a government entity described in section
3(1)(C).
(2) DEFINITIONS- In this subsection:
(i) IN GENERAL- The term `defendant' includes a State or local
government.
(ii) STATE- The term `State' means each of the several States of the
United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of
the Northern Mariana Islands.
(iii) LOCAL GOVERNMENT- The term `local government'
means--
(I) any county, city, town, township, parish, village, or other
general purpose political subdivision of a State; and
(II) any combination of political subdivisions described in
subclause (I) recognized by the Secretary of Housing and Urban
Development.
(B) Y2K UPSET- The term `Y2K upset'--
(i) means an exceptional temporary noncompliance with applicable
federally enforceable measurement, monitoring, or reporting requirements
directly related to a Y2K failure that are beyond the reasonable control
of the defendant charged with compliance; and
(I) noncompliance with applicable federally enforceable
measurement, monitoring, or reporting requirements that constitutes or
would create an imminent threat to public health, safety, or the
environment;
(II) noncompliance with applicable federally enforceable
measurement, monitoring, or reporting requirements that provide for
the safety and soundness of the banking or monetary system, or for the
integrity of the national securities markets, including the protection
of depositors and investors;
(III) noncompliance with applicable federally enforceable
measurement, monitoring, or reporting requirements to the extent
caused by operational error or negligence;
(IV) lack of reasonable preventative maintenance;
(V) lack of preparedness for a Y2K failure; or
(VI) noncompliance with the underlying federally enforceable
requirements to which the applicable federally enforceable
measurement, monitoring, or reporting requirement
relates.
(3) CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR A DEMONSTRATION OF A Y2K UPSET- A defendant
who wishes to establish the affirmative defense of Y2K upset shall
demonstrate, through properly signed, contemporaneous operating logs, or
other relevant evidence that--
(A) the defendant previously made a reasonable good faith effort to
anticipate, prevent, and effectively remediate a potential Y2K
failure;
(B) a Y2K upset occurred as a result of a Y2K failure or other
emergency directly related to a Y2K failure;
(C) noncompliance with the applicable federally enforceable
measurement, monitoring, or reporting requirement was unavoidable in the
face of an emergency directly related to a Y2K failure and was necessary
to prevent the disruption of critical functions or services that could
result in harm to life or property;
(D) upon identification of noncompliance the defendant invoking the
defense began immediate actions to correct any violation of federally
enforceable measurement, monitoring, or reporting requirements;
and
(E) the defendant submitted notice to the appropriate Federal
regulatory authority of a Y2K upset within 72 hours from the time that the
defendant became aware of the upset.
(4) GRANT OF A Y2K UPSET DEFENSE- Subject to the other provisions of
this subsection, the Y2K upset defense shall be a complete defense to the
imposition of a penalty in any action brought as a result of noncompliance
with federally enforceable measurement, monitoring, or reporting
requirements for any defendant who establishes by a preponderance of the
evidence that the conditions set forth in paragraph (3) are met.
(5) LENGTH OF Y2K UPSET- The maximum allowable length of the Y2K upset
shall be not more than 15 days beginning on the date of the upset unless
specific relief by the appropriate regulatory authority is granted.
(6) FRAUDULENT INVOCATION OF Y2K UPSET DEFENSE- Fraudulent use of the
Y2K upset defense provided for in this subsection shall be subject to the
sanctions provided in section 1001 of title 18, United States Code.
(7) EXPIRATION OF DEFENSE- The Y2K upset defense may not be asserted for
a Y2K upset occurring after June 30, 2000.
(8) PRESERVATION OF AUTHORITY- Nothing in this subsection shall affect
the authority of a government entity to seek injunctive relief or require a
defendant to correct a violation of a federally enforceable measurement,
monitoring, or reporting requirement.
(h) CONSUMER PROTECTION FROM Y2K FAILURES-
(1) IN GENERAL- No person who transacts business on matters directly or
indirectly affecting residential mortgages shall cause or permit a
foreclosure on any such mortgage against a consumer as a result of an actual
Y2K failure that results in an inability to accurately or timely process any
mortgage payment transaction.
(2) NOTICE- A consumer who is affected by an inability described in
paragraph (1) shall notify the servicer for the mortgage, in writing and
within 7 business days from the time that the consumer becomes aware of the
Y2K failure and the consumer's inability to accurately or timely fulfill his
or her obligation to pay, of such failure and inability and shall provide to
the servicer any available documentation with respect to the failure.
(3) ACTIONS MAY RESUME AFTER GRACE PERIOD- Notwithstanding paragraph
(1), an action prohibited under paragraph (1) may be resumed, if the
consumer's mortgage obligation has not been paid and the servicer of the
mortgage has not expressly and in writing granted the consumer an extension
of time during which to pay the consumer's mortgage obligation, but only
after the later of--
(A) four weeks after January 1, 2000; or
(B) four weeks after notification is made as required under paragraph
(2), except that any notification made on or after March 15, 2000, shall
not be effective for purposes of this subsection.
(4) APPLICABILITY- This subsection does not apply to transactions upon
which a default has occurred before December 15, 1999, or with respect to
which an imminent default was foreseeable before December 15, 1999.
(5) ENFORCEMENT OF OBLIGATIONS MERELY TOLLED- This subsection delays but
does not prevent the enforcement of financial obligations, and does not
otherwise affect or extinguish the obligation to pay.
(6) DEFINITION- In this subsection--
(A) The term `consumer' means a natural person.
(B) The term `residential mortgage' has the meaning given the term
`federally related mortgage loan' under section 3 of the Real Estate
Settlement Procedures Act of 1974 (12 U.S.C. 2602).
(C) The term `servicer' means the person, including any successor,
responsible for receiving any scheduled periodic payments from a consumer
pursuant to the terms of a residential mortgage, including amounts for any
escrow account, and for making the payments of principal and interest and
such other payments with respect to the amounts received from the borrower
as may be required pursuant to the terms of the mortgage. Such term
includes the person, including any successor, who makes or holds a loan if
such person also services the loan.
(i) APPLICABILITY TO SECURITIES LITIGATION- In any Y2K action in which the
underlying claim arises under the securities laws (as defined in section 3(a)
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)), the provisions of
this Act, other than section 13(b) of this Act, shall not apply.
SEC. 5. PUNITIVE DAMAGES LIMITATIONS.
(a) IN GENERAL- In any Y2K action in which punitive damages are permitted
by applicable law, the defendant shall not be liable for punitive damages
unless the plaintiff proves by clear and convincing evidence that the
applicable standard for awarding damages has been met.
(b) Caps on Punitive Damages-
(1) IN GENERAL- Subject to the evidentiary standard established by
subsection (a), punitive damages permitted under applicable law against a
defendant described in paragraph (2) in a Y2K action may not exceed the
lesser of--
(A) three times the amount awarded for compensatory damages;
or
(2) DEFENDANT DESCRIBED- A defendant described in this paragraph is a
defendant--
(i) is sued in his or her capacity as an individual; and
(ii) whose net worth does not exceed $500,000; or
(B) that is an unincorporated business, a partnership, corporation,
association, or organization, with fewer than 50 full-time
employees.
(3) NO CAP IF INJURY SPECIFICALLY INTENDED- Paragraph (1) does not apply
if the plaintiff establishes by clear and convincing evidence that the
defendant acted with specific intent to injure the plaintiff.
(c) GOVERNMENT ENTITIES- Punitive damages in a Y2K action may not be
awarded against a government entity.
SEC. 6. PROPORTIONATE LIABILITY.
(a) IN GENERAL- Except in a Y2K action that is a contract action, and
except as provided in subsections (b) through (g), a person against whom a
final judgment is entered in a Y2K action shall be liable solely for the
portion of the judgment that corresponds to the relative and proportionate
responsibility of that person. In determining the percentage of responsibility
of any defendant, the trier of fact shall determine that percentage as a
percentage of the total fault of all persons, including the plaintiff, who
caused or contributed to the total loss incurred by the plaintiff.
(b) PROPORTIONATE LIABILITY-
(1) DETERMINATION OF RESPONSIBILITY- In any Y2K action that is not a
contract action, the court shall instruct the jury to answer special
interrogatories, or, if there is no jury, the court shall make findings with
respect to each defendant, including defendants who have entered into
settlements with the plaintiff or plaintiffs, concerning--
(A) the percentage of responsibility, if any, of each defendant,
measured as a percentage of the total fault of all persons who caused or
contributed to the loss incurred by the plaintiff; and
(B) if alleged by the plaintiff, whether the defendant (other than a
defendant who has entered into a settlement agreement with the
plaintiff)--
(i) acted with specific intent to injure the plaintiff;
or
(ii) knowingly committed fraud.
(2) CONTENTS OF SPECIAL INTERROGATORIES OR FINDINGS- The responses to
interrogatories or findings under paragraph (1) shall specify the total
amount of damages that the plaintiff is entitled to recover and the
percentage of responsibility of each defendant found to have caused or
contributed to the loss incurred by the plaintiff.
(3) FACTORS FOR CONSIDERATION- In determining the percentage of
responsibility under this subsection, the trier of fact shall
consider--
(A) the nature of the conduct of each person found to have caused or
contributed to the loss incurred by the plaintiff; and
(B) the nature and extent of the causal relationship between the
conduct of each such person and the damages incurred by the
plaintiff.
(c) Joint Liability for Specific Intent or Fraud-
(1) IN GENERAL- Notwithstanding subsection (a), the liability of a
defendant in a Y2K action that is not a contract action is joint and several
if the trier of fact specifically determines that the defendant--
(A) acted with specific intent to injure the plaintiff; or
(B) knowingly committed fraud.
(A) KNOWING COMMISSION OF FRAUD DESCRIBED- For purposes of subsection
(b)(1)(B)(ii) and paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection, a defendant
knowingly committed fraud if the defendant--
(i) made an untrue statement of a material fact, with actual
knowledge that the statement was false;
(ii) omitted a fact necessary to make the statement not be
misleading, with actual knowledge that, as a result of the omission, the
statement was false; and
(iii) knew that the plaintiff was reasonably likely to rely on the
false statement.
(B) RECKLESSNESS- For purposes of subsection (b)(1)(B) and paragraph
(1) of this subsection, reckless conduct by the defendant does not
constitute either a specific intent to injure, or the knowing commission
of fraud, by the defendant.
(3) RIGHT TO CONTRIBUTION NOT AFFECTED- Nothing in this section affects
the right, under any other law, of a defendant to contribution with respect
to another defendant found under subsection (b)(1)(B), or determined under
paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection, to have acted with specific intent to
injure the plaintiff or to have knowingly committed fraud.
(A) IN GENERAL- Notwithstanding subsection (a), if, upon motion made
not later than 6 months after a final judgment is entered in any Y2K
action that is not a contract action, the court determines that all or
part of the share of the judgment against a defendant for compensatory
damages is not collectible against that defendant, then each other
defendant in the action is liable for the uncollectible share as
follows:
(i) PERCENTAGE OF NET WORTH- The other defendants are jointly and
severally liable for the uncollectible share if the plaintiff
establishes that--
(I) the plaintiff is an individual whose recoverable damages under
the final judgment are equal to more than 10 percent of the net worth
of the plaintiff; and
(II) the net worth of the plaintiff is less than
$200,000.
(ii) OTHER PLAINTIFFS- For a plaintiff not described in clause (i),
each of the other defendants is liable for the uncollectible share in
proportion to the percentage of responsibility of that
defendant.
(iii) For a plaintiff not described in clause (i), in addition to
the share identified in clause (ii), the defendant is liable for an
additional portion of the uncollectible share in an amount equal to 50
percent of the amount determined under clause (ii) if the plaintiff
demonstrates by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant acted
with reckless disregard for the likelihood that its acts would cause
injury of the sort suffered by the plaintiff.
(B) OVERALL LIMIT- The total payments required under subparagraph (A)
from all defendants may not exceed the amount of the uncollectible
share.
(C) SUBJECT TO CONTRIBUTION- A defendant against whom judgment is not
collectible is subject to contribution and to any continuing liability to
the plaintiff on the judgment.
(i) Notwithstanding subparagraph (A), the other defendants are
jointly and severally liable for the uncollectible share
if--
(I) the plaintiff is a consumer whose suit alleges or arises out
of a defect in a consumer product; and
(II) the plaintiff is suing as an individual and not as part of a
class action.
(ii) In this subparagraph:
(I) The term `class action' means--
(aa) a single lawsuit in which: (1) damages are sought on behalf of
more than 10 persons or prospective class members; or (2) one or more named
parties seek to recover damages on a representative basis on behalf of
themselves and other unnamed parties similarly situated; or
(bb) any group of lawsuits filed in or pending in the same court in
which: (1) damages are sought on behalf of more than 10 persons; and (2) the
lawsuits are joined, consolidated, or otherwise proceed as a single action for
any purpose.
(II) The term `consumer' means an individual who acquires a
consumer product for purposes other than resale.
(III) The term `consumer product' means any personal property or
service which is normally used for personal, family, or household
purposes.
(2) SPECIAL RIGHT OF CONTRIBUTION- To the extent that a defendant is
required to make an additional payment under paragraph (1), that defendant
may recover contribution--
(A) from the defendant originally liable to make the payment;
(B) from any other defendant that is jointly and severally
liable;
(C) from any other defendant held proportionately liable who is liable
to make the same payment and has paid less than that other defendant's
proportionate share of that payment; or
(D) from any other person responsible for the conduct giving rise to
the payment that would have been liable to make the same payment.
(3) NONDISCLOSURE TO JURY- The standard for allocation of damages under
subsection (a) and subsection (b)(1), and the procedure for reallocation of
uncollectible shares under paragraph (1) of this subsection, shall not be
disclosed to members of the jury.
(e) SETTLEMENT DISCHARGE-
(1) IN GENERAL- A defendant who settles a Y2K action that is not a
contract action at any time before final verdict or judgment shall be
discharged from all claims for contribution brought by other persons. Upon
entry of the settlement by the court, the court shall enter an order
constituting the final discharge of all obligations to the plaintiff of the
settling defendant arising out of the action. The order shall bar all future
claims for contribution arising out of the action--
(A) by any person against the settling defendant; and
(B) by the settling defendant against any person other than a person
whose liability has been extinguished by the settlement of the settling
defendant.
(2) REDUCTION- If a defendant enters into a settlement with the
plaintiff before the final verdict or judgment, the verdict or judgment
shall be reduced by the greater of--
(A) an amount that corresponds to the percentage of responsibility of
that defendant; or
(B) the amount paid to the plaintiff by that defendant.
(f) GENERAL RIGHT OF CONTRIBUTION-
(1) IN GENERAL- A defendant who is jointly and severally liable for
damages in any Y2K action that is not a contract action may recover
contribution from any other person who, if joined in the original action,
would have been liable for the same damages. A claim for contribution shall
be determined based on the percentage of responsibility of the claimant and
of each person against whom a claim for contribution is made.
(2) STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS FOR CONTRIBUTION- An action for contribution
in connection with a Y2K action that is not a contract action shall be
brought not later than 6 months after the entry of a final, nonappealable
judgment in the Y2K action, except that an action for contribution brought
by a defendant who was required to make an additional payment under
subsection (d)(1) may be brought not later than 6 months after the date on
which such payment was made.
(g) MORE PROTECTIVE STATE LAW NOT PREEMPTED- Nothing in this section
preempts or supersedes any provision of State law that--
(1) limits the liability of a defendant in a Y2K action to a lesser
amount than the amount determined under this section; or
(2) otherwise affords a greater degree of protection from joint or
several liability than is afforded by this section.
SEC. 7. PRELITIGATION NOTICE.
(a) IN GENERAL- Before commencing a Y2K action, except an action that
seeks only injunctive relief, a prospective plaintiff in a Y2K action shall
send a written notice by certified mail (with either return receipt requested
or other means of verification that the notice was sent) to each prospective
defendant in that action. The notice shall provide specific and detailed
information about--
(1) the manifestations of any material defect alleged to have caused
harm or loss;
(2) the harm or loss allegedly suffered by the prospective
plaintiff;
(3) how the prospective plaintiff would like the prospective defendant
to remedy the problem;
(4) the basis upon which the prospective plaintiff seeks that remedy;
and
(5) the name, title, address, and telephone number of any individual who
has authority to negotiate a resolution of the dispute on behalf of the
prospective plaintiff.
(b) PERSON TO WHOM NOTICE TO BE SENT- The notice required by subsection
(a) shall be sent--
(1) to the registered agent of the prospective defendant for service of
legal process;
(2) if the prospective defendant does not have a registered agent, then
to the chief executive officer if the prospective defendant is a
corporation, to the managing partner if the prospective defendant is a
partnership, to the proprietor if the prospective defendant is a sole
proprietorship, or to a similarly-situated person if the prospective
defendant is any other enterprise; or
(3) if the prospective defendant has designated a person to receive
prelitigation notices on a Year 2000 Internet Website (as defined in section
3(7) of the Year 2000 Information and Readiness Disclosure Act), to the
designated person, if the prospective plaintiff has reasonable access to the
Internet.
(1) IN GENERAL- Within 30 days after receipt of the notice specified in
subsection (a), each prospective defendant shall send by certified mail with
return receipt requested to each prospective plaintiff a written statement
acknowledging receipt of the notice, and describing the actions it has taken
or will take to address the problem identified by the prospective
plaintiff.
(2) WILLINGNESS TO ENGAGE IN ADR- The written statement shall state
whether the prospective defendant is willing to engage in alternative
dispute resolution.
(3) INADMISSIBILITY- A written statement required by this subsection is
not admissible in evidence, under Rule 408 of the Federal Rules of Evidence
or any analogous rule of evidence in any State, in any proceeding to prove
liability for, or the invalidity of, a claim or its amount, or otherwise as
evidence of conduct or statements made in compromise negotiations.
(4) PRESUMPTIVE TIME OF RECEIPT- For purposes of paragraph (1), a notice
under subsection (a) is presumed to be received 7 days after it was
sent.
(5) PRIORITY- A prospective defendant receiving more than one notice
under this section may give priority to notices with respect to a product or
service that involves a health or safety related Y2K failure.
(d) FAILURE TO RESPOND- If a prospective defendant--
(1) fails to respond to a notice provided pursuant to subsection (a)
within the 30 days specified in subsection (c)(1); or
(2) does not describe the action, if any, the prospective defendant has
taken, or will take, to address the problem identified by the prospective
plaintiff,
the prospective plaintiff may immediately commence a legal action against
that prospective defendant.
(1) IN GENERAL- If the prospective defendant responds and proposes
remedial action it will take, or offers to engage in alternative dispute
resolution, then the prospective plaintiff shall allow the prospective
defendant an additional 60 days from the end of the 30-day notice period to
complete the proposed remedial action or alternative dispute resolution
before commencing a legal action against that prospective defendant.
(2) EXTENSION BY AGREEMENT- The prospective plaintiff and prospective
defendant may change the length of the 60-day remediation period by written
agreement.
(3) MULTIPLE EXTENSIONS NOT ALLOWED- Except as provided in paragraph
(2), a defendant in a Y2K action is entitled to no more than one 30-day
period and one 60-day remediation period under paragraph (1).
(4) STATUTES OF LIMITATION, ETC., TOLLED- Any applicable statute of
limitations or doctrine of laches in a Y2K action to which paragraph (1)
applies shall be tolled during the notice and remediation period under that
paragraph.
(f) FAILURE TO PROVIDE NOTICE- If a defendant determines that a plaintiff
has filed a Y2K action without providing the notice specified in subsection
(a) or without awaiting the expiration of the appropriate waiting period
specified in subsection (c), the defendant may treat the plaintiff's complaint
as such a notice by so informing the court and the plaintiff in its initial
response to the plaintiff. If any defendant elects to treat the complaint as
such a notice--
(1) the court shall stay all discovery and all other proceedings in the
action for the appropriate period after filing of the complaint; and
(2) the time for filing answers and all other pleadings shall be tolled
during the appropriate period.
(g) EFFECT OF CONTRACTUAL OR STATUTORY WAITING PERIODS- In cases in which
a contract, or a statute enacted before January 1, 1999, requires notice of
nonperformance and provides for a period of delay prior to the initiation of
suit for breach or repudiation of contract, the period of delay provided by
contract or the statute is controlling over the waiting period specified in
subsections (c) and (d).
(h) STATE LAW CONTROLS ALTERNATIVE METHODS- Nothing in this section
supersedes or otherwise preempts any State law or rule of civil procedure with
respect to the use of alternative dispute resolution for Y2K actions.
(i) PROVISIONAL REMEDIES UNAFFECTED- Nothing in this section interferes
with the right of a litigant to provisional remedies otherwise available under
Rule 65 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or any State rule of civil
procedure providing extraordinary or provisional remedies in any civil action
in which the underlying complaint seeks both injunctive and monetary
relief.
(j) SPECIAL RULE FOR CLASS ACTIONS- For the purpose of applying this
section to a Y2K action that is maintained as a class action in Federal or
State court, the requirements of the preceding subsections of this section
apply only to named plaintiffs in the class action.
SEC. 8. PLEADING REQUIREMENTS.
(a) APPLICATION WITH RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE- This section applies
exclusively to Y2K actions and, except to the extent that this section
requires additional information to be contained in or attached to pleadings,
nothing in this section is intended to amend or otherwise supersede applicable
rules of Federal or State civil procedure.
(b) NATURE AND AMOUNT OF DAMAGES- In all Y2K actions in which damages are
requested, there shall be filed with the complaint a statement of specific
information as to the nature and amount of each element of damages and the
factual basis for the damages calculation.
(c) MATERIAL DEFECTS- In any Y2K action in which the plaintiff alleges
that there is a material defect in a product or service, there shall be filed
with the complaint a statement of specific information regarding the
manifestations of the material defects and the facts supporting a conclusion
that the defects are material.
(d) REQUIRED STATE OF MIND- In any Y2K action in which a claim is asserted
on which the plaintiff may prevail only on proof that the defendant acted with
a particular state of mind, there shall be filed with the complaint, with
respect to each element of that claim, a statement of the facts giving rise to
a strong inference that the defendant acted with the required state of
mind.
SEC. 9. DUTY TO MITIGATE.
(a) IN GENERAL- Damages awarded in any Y2K action shall exclude
compensation for damages the plaintiff could reasonably have avoided in light
of any disclosure or other information of which the plaintiff was, or
reasonably should have been, aware, including information made available by
the defendant to purchasers or users of the defendant's product or services
concerning means of remedying or avoiding the Y2K failure involved in the
action.
(b) PRESERVATION OF EXISTING LAW- The duty imposed by this section is in
addition to any duty to mitigate imposed by State law.
(c) EXCEPTION FOR INTENTIONAL FRAUD- Subsection (a) does not apply to
damages suffered by reason of the plaintiff's justifiable reliance upon an
affirmative material misrepresentation by the defendant, made by the defendant
with actual knowledge of its falsity, concerning the potential for Y2K failure
of the device or system used or sold by the defendant that experienced the Y2K
failure alleged to have caused the plaintiff's harm.
SEC. 10. APPLICATION OF EXISTING IMPOSSIBILITY OR COMMERCIAL
IMPRACTICABILITY DOCTRINES.
In any Y2K action for breach or repudiation of contract, the applicability
of the doctrines of impossibility and commercial impracticability shall be
determined by the law in existence on January 1, 1999. Nothing in this Act
shall be construed as limiting or impairing a party's right to assert defenses
based upon such doctrines.
SEC. 11. DAMAGES LIMITATION BY CONTRACT.
In any Y2K action for breach or repudiation of contract, no party may
claim, or be awarded, any category of damages unless such damages are
allowed--
(1) by the express terms of the contract; or
(2) if the contract is silent on such damages, by operation of State law
at the time the contract was effective or by operation of Federal law.
SEC. 12. DAMAGES IN TORT CLAIMS.
(a) IN GENERAL- A party to a Y2K action making a tort claim, other than a
claim of intentional tort arising independent of a contract, may not recover
damages for economic loss unless--
(1) the recovery of such losses is provided for in a contract to which
the party seeking to recover such losses is a party; or
(2) such losses result directly from damage to tangible personal or real
property caused by the Y2K failure involved in the action (other than damage
to property that is the subject of the contract between the parties to the
Y2K action or, in the event there is no contract between the parties, other
than damage caused only to the property that experienced the Y2K
failure),
and such damages are permitted under applicable Federal or State law.
(b) ECONOMIC LOSS- For purposes of this section only, and except as
otherwise specifically provided in a valid and enforceable written contract
between the plaintiff and the defendant in a Y2K action, the term `economic
loss' means amounts awarded to compensate an injured party for any loss, and
includes amounts awarded for damages such as--
(1) lost profits or sales;
(2) business interruption;
(3) losses indirectly suffered as a result of the defendant's wrongful
act or omission;
(4) losses that arise because of the claims of third parties;
(5) losses that must be pled as special damages; and
(6) consequential damages (as defined in the Uniform Commercial Code or
analogous State commercial law).
(c) CERTAIN OTHER ACTIONS- A person liable for damages, whether by
settlement or judgment, in a civil action to which this Act does not apply
because of section 4(c) whose liability, in whole or in part, is the result of
a Y2K failure may, notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, pursue any
remedy otherwise available under Federal or State law against the person
responsible for that Y2K failure to the extent of recovering the amount of
those damages.
SEC. 13. STATE OF MIND; BYSTANDER LIABILITY; CONTROL.
(a) DEFENDANT'S STATE OF MIND- In a Y2K action other than a claim for
breach or repudiation of contract, and in which the defendant's actual or
constructive awareness of an actual or potential Y2K failure is an element of
the claim, the defendant is not liable unless the plaintiff establishes that
element of the claim by the standard of evidence under applicable State law in
effect on the day before January 1, 1999.
(b) LIMITATION ON BYSTANDER LIABILITY FOR Y2K FAILURES-
(1) IN GENERAL- With respect to any Y2K action for money damages in
which--
(A) the defendant is not the manufacturer, seller, or distributor of a
product, or the provider of a service, that suffers or causes the Y2K
failure at issue;
(B) the plaintiff is not in substantial privity with the defendant;
and
(C) the defendant's actual or constructive awareness of an actual or
potential Y2K failure is an element of the claim under applicable
law,
the defendant shall not be liable unless the plaintiff, in addition to
establishing all other requisite elements of the claim, proves, by the
standard of evidence under applicable State law in effect on the day before
January 1, 1999, that the defendant actually knew, or recklessly disregarded
a known and substantial risk, that such failure would occur.
(2) SUBSTANTIAL PRIVITY- For purposes of paragraph (1)(B), a plaintiff
and a defendant are in substantial privity when, in a Y2K action arising out
of the performance of professional services, the plaintiff and the defendant
either have contractual relations with one another or the plaintiff is a
person who, prior to the defendant's performance of such services, was
specifically identified to and acknowledged by the defendant as a person for
whose special benefit the services were being performed.
(3) CERTAIN CLAIMS EXCLUDED- For purposes of paragraph (1)(C), claims in
which the defendant's actual or constructive awareness of an actual or
potential Y2K failure is an element of the claim under applicable law do not
include claims for negligence but do include claims such as fraud,
constructive fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, negligent misrepresentation,
and interference with contract or economic advantage.
(c) CONTROL NOT DETERMINATIVE OF LIABILITY- The fact that a Y2K failure
occurred in an entity, facility, system, product, or component that was sold,
leased, rented, or otherwise within the control of the party against whom a
claim is asserted in a Y2K action shall not constitute the sole basis for
recovery of damages in that action. A claim in a Y2K action for breach or
repudiation of contract for such a failure is governed by the terms of the
contract.
(d) PROTECTIONS OF THE YEAR 2000 INFORMATION AND READINESS DISCLOSURE ACT
APPLY- The protections for the exchanges of information provided by section 4
of the Year 2000 Information and Readiness Disclosure Act (Public Law 105-271)
shall apply to any Y2K action.
SEC. 14. APPOINTMENT OF SPECIAL MASTERS OR MAGISTRATE JUDGES FOR Y2K
ACTIONS.
Any district court of the United States in which a Y2K action is pending
may appoint a special master or a magistrate judge to hear the matter and to
make findings of fact and conclusions of law in accordance with Rule 53 of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
SEC. 15. Y2K ACTIONS AS CLASS ACTIONS.
(a) MATERIAL DEFECT REQUIREMENT- A Y2K action involving a claim that a
product or service is defective may be maintained as a class action in Federal
or State court as to that claim only if--
(1) it satisfies all other prerequisites established by applicable
Federal or State law, including applicable rules of civil procedure;
and
(2) the court finds that the defect in a product or service as alleged
would be a material defect for the majority of the members of the
class.
(b) NOTIFICATION- In any Y2K action that is maintained as a class action,
the court, in addition to any other notice required by applicable Federal or
State law, shall direct notice of the action to each member of the class,
which shall include--
(1) a concise and clear description of the nature of the action;
(2) the jurisdiction where the case is pending; and
(3) the fee arrangements with class counsel, including the hourly fee
being charged, or, if it is a contingency fee, the percentage of the final
award which will be paid, including an estimate of the total amount that
would be paid if the requested damages were to be granted.
(c) Forum for Y2K Class Actions-
(1) JURISDICTION- Except as provided in paragraph (2), the district
courts of the United States shall have original jurisdiction of any Y2K
action that is brought as a class action.
(2) EXCEPTIONS- The district courts of the United States shall not have
original jurisdiction over a Y2K action brought as a class action if--
(A)(i) a substantial majority of the members of the proposed plaintiff
class are citizens of a single State;
(ii) the primary defendants are citizens of that State; and
(iii) the claims asserted will be governed primarily by the laws of
that State;
(B) the primary defendants are States, State officials, or other
governmental entities against whom the district courts of the United
States may be foreclosed from ordering relief;
(C) the plaintiff class does not seek an award of punitive damages,
and the amount in controversy is less than the sum of $10,000,000
(exclusive of interest and costs), computed on the basis of all claims to
be determined in the action; or
(D) there are less than 100 members of the proposed plaintiff
class.
A party urging that any exception described in subparagraph (A), (B),
(C), or (D) applies to an action shall bear the full burden of demonstrating
the applicability of the exception.
(3) PROCEDURE IF REQUIREMENTS NOT MET-
(A) DISMISSAL OR REMAND- A United States district court shall dismiss,
or, if after removal, strike the class allegations and remand, any Y2K
action brought or removed under this subsection as a class action
if--
(i) the action is subject to the jurisdiction of the court solely
under this subsection; and
(ii) the court determines the action may not proceed as a class
action based on a failure to satisfy the conditions of Rule 23 of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
(B) AMENDMENT; REMOVAL- Nothing in paragraph (A) shall prohibit
plaintiffs from filing an amended class action in Federal or State court.
A defendant shall have the right to remove such an amended class action to
a United States district court under this subsection.
(C) PERIOD OF LIMITATIONS TOLLED- Upon dismissal or remand, the period
of limitations for any claim that was asserted in an action on behalf of
any named or unnamed member of any proposed class shall be deemed tolled
to the full extent provided under Federal law.
(D) DISMISSAL WITHOUT PREJUDICE- The dismissal of a Y2K action under
subparagraph (A) shall be without prejudice.
(d) EFFECT ON RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE- Except as otherwise provided in
this section, nothing in this section supersedes any rule of Federal or State
civil procedure applicable to class actions.
SEC. 16. APPLICABILITY OF STATE LAW.
Nothing in this Act shall be construed to affect the applicability of any
State law that provides stricter limits on damages and liabilities, affording
greater protection to defendants in Y2K actions, than are provided in this
Act.
SEC. 17. ADMISSIBLE EVIDENCE ULTIMATE ISSUE IN STATE COURTS.
Any party to a Y2K action in a State court in a State that has not adopted
a rule of evidence substantially similar to Rule 704 of the Federal Rules of
Evidence may introduce in such action evidence that would be admissible if
Rule 704 applied in that jurisdiction.
SEC. 18. SUSPENSION OF PENALTIES FOR CERTAIN YEAR 2000 FAILURES BY SMALL
BUSINESS CONCERNS.
(a) DEFINITIONS- In this section--
(1) the term `agency' means any executive agency, as defined in section
105 of title 5, United States Code, that has the authority to impose civil
penalties on small business concerns;
(2) the term `first-time violation' means a violation by a small
business concern of a federally enforceable rule or regulation (other than a
Federal rule or regulation that relates to the safety and soundness of the
banking or monetary system or for the integrity of the National Securities
markets, including protection of depositors and investors) caused by a Y2K
failure if that Federal rule or regulation had not been violated by that
small business concern within the preceding 3 years; and
(3) the term `small business concern' has the same meaning as a
defendant described in section 5(b)(2)(B).
(b) ESTABLISHMENT OF LIAISONS- Not later than 30 days after the date of
the enactment of this Act, each agency shall--
(1) establish a point of contact within the agency to act as a liaison
between the agency and small business concerns with respect to problems
arising out of Y2K failures and compliance with Federal rules or
regulations; and
(2) publish the name and phone number of the point of contact for the
agency in the Federal Register.
(c) GENERAL RULE- Subject to subsections (d) and (e), no agency shall
impose any civil money penalty on a small business concern for a first-time
violation.
(d) STANDARDS FOR WAIVER- An agency shall provide a waiver of civil money
penalties for a first-time violation, provided that a small business concern
demonstrates, and the agency determines, that--
(1) the small business concern previously made a reasonable good faith
effort to anticipate, prevent, and effectively remediate a potential Y2K
failure;
(2) a first-time violation occurred as a result of the Y2K failure of
the small business concern or other entity, which significantly affected the
small business concern's ability to comply with a Federal rule or
regulation;
(3) the first-time violation was unavoidable in the face of a Y2K
failure or occurred as a result of efforts to prevent the disruption of
critical functions or services that could result in harm to life or
property;
(4) upon identification of a first-time violation, the small business
concern initiated reasonable and prompt measures to correct the violation;
and
(5) the small business concern submitted notice to the appropriate
agency of the first-time violation within a reasonable time not to exceed 5
business days from the time that the small business concern became aware
that the first-time violation had occurred.
(e) EXCEPTIONS- An agency may impose civil money penalties authorized
under Federal law on a small business concern for a first-time violation
if--
(1) the small business concern's failure to comply with Federal rules or
regulations resulted in actual harm, or constitutes or creates an imminent
threat to public health, safety, or the environment; or
(2) the small business concern fails to correct the violation not later
than 1 month after initial notification to the agency.
(f) EXPIRATION- This section shall not apply to first-time violations
caused by a Y2K failure occurring after December 31, 2000.
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Vice President of the United States and
President of the Senate.
END