Recent Changes Affecting FERPA & PPRA
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October 28, 2002
The following document presents a general explanation of
the recent changes to the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
(FERPA) and the Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment (PPRA) made by
Congress. It also provides a general description of the two U.S.
Supreme Court cases involving FERPA, and a recent decision by the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. The Department will
issue guidance and/or regulations to provide the public with
interpretations of these changes, as necessary.
U.S. Supreme Court Ruling On February 19,
2002, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Owasso ISD v. Falvo that peer
grading does not violate FERPA. The Department is currently
reviewing the Court's ruling and may issue additional guidance or
regulations to further clarify the scope of the term "education
records."
U. S. Supreme Court Ruling On June 20, 2002,
the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Gonzaga University v. John Doe. In
the Gonzaga case, a student brought litigation against the
University for disclosing personally identifiable information,
without his consent, in violation of FERPA. The Supreme Court ruled
that students and parents may not sue for damages under 42 U.S.C. §
1983 to enforce provisions of the Family Educational Rights and
Privacy Act (FERPA).
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
On June 27, 2002, the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals unanimously
affirmed a lower court's ruling that university disciplinary records
are "education records" under FERPA and that disclosing such records
without students' consent constitutes a violation of FERPA. In 1998,
the Department asked a federal district court in Ohio to enjoin
Miami University and the Ohio State University from disclosing
records containing the names of student victims and accused students
as prohibited under FERPA. On March 20, 2000, the U.S. District
Court for the Southern District of Ohio permanently enjoined the two
Ohio universities from disclosing their on-campus disciplinary
records to the public under the State's open records law.
In affirming the ruling, the circuit court concluded that
continued release of student disciplinary records "will irreparably
harm the United States" and the Department. This is important for
three reasons: 1) the court agreed with the lower court that the
Student Right-to-Know and Campus Security Act provides parents and
students with statistical information about the type and amount of
crimes on campus; 2) the court reaffirmed the Department's broad
reading of the term "education records" and stated that Congress, in
amending FERPA in 1998 to allow postsecondary institutions to
disclose the final results of disciplinary proceedings, must have
intended that disciplinary records be education records or this
amendment would be "superfluous"; and 3) the court held that the
Department was within its right in seeking an injunctive relief in
this case because none of the administrative remedies authorized by
FERPA would have stopped the violations. In effect, the court held
that the Department can take preemptive actions in enforcing FERPA,
rather than only after violations occur.
Background on FERPA
FERPA is a federal law that applies to educational agencies and
institutions that receive federal funds under any program
administered by the Secretary of Education. Generally, FERPA
prohibits the funding of an educational agency or institution that
has a policy or practice of disclosing a student's "education
record" without the consent of the parent or eligible student. The
FERPA statute is found in 20 U.S.C. § 1232g and the regulations (not
yet amended to reflect the most recent legislative changes) are
found in 34 CFR Part 99.
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
Sec. 1061 Annual Notification Requirements for the
Secretary of Education
The Secretary is now required to annually inform each SEA and
each LEA of their obligations under both FERPA and PPRA. This
provision is found in § 1061(c)(5)(C), which are the amendments to
PPRA, discussed below. The Family Policy Compliance Office (FPCO) is
in the process of finalizing the notices to be provided to SEAs and
LEAs. The information will also be posted on our Web site.
Sec. 4155 Transfer of School Disciplinary
Records.
FERPA currently permits schools to transfer any and all education
records, including disciplinary records, on a student who is
transferring to another school. See § 99.31(a)(2) and § 99.34 of the
FERPA regulations. This new provision requires States that receive
funds under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA),
within two (2) years, to provide an assurance to the Secretary that
the State "has a procedure in place to facilitate the transfer of
disciplinary records, with respect to a suspension or expulsion, by
local educational agencies to any private or public elementary
school or secondary school for any student who is enrolled or seeks,
intends, or is instructed to enroll, on a full- or part-time basis,
in the school."
FPCO is including an announcement in the notice to SEAs and LEAs
about this new provision so that SEAs and LEAs can start to
implement the new requirement.
Sec. 9528 Armed Forces Recruiter Access to Students and
Student Recruiting Information.
FERPA currently allows schools to designate and disclose without
consent certain items of information as "directory information." The
FERPA regulations define "directory information" under § 99.3 of the
regulations and set forth the requirements for implementing a
"directory information" policy under § 99.37 of FERPA. Generally,
"directory information" may be disclosed by a school to any party,
provided the requirements of FERPA are followed.
Congress passed a provision in the No Child Left Behind Act that
addresses the disclosure of directory-type information (students'
names, addresses, and telephone listings) to military recruiters.
Congress also included similar language in the National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002. Both laws, with some
exceptions, require schools to provide directory-type information to
military recruiters who request it. Typically, recruiters are
requesting names, addresses, and telephone listings on junior and
senior high school students that will be used for recruiting
purposes and college scholarships offered by the military.
The Department, in consultation with the Department of Defense,
has developed guidance on the provisions contained in these two
laws. The guidance has been made available to SEAs and LEAs, as well
posted on our Web site: http://www.ed.gov/offices/OM/fpco/hot_topics/ht_10-09-02.html.
Sec. 1061 Student Privacy, Parental Access to
Information, and Administration of Certain Physical Examinations to
Minors.
The No Child Left Behind Act contains a major amendment to PPRA
that gives parents more rights with regard to the surveying of minor
students, the collection of information from students for marketing
purposes, and certain non-emergency medical examinations. PPRA has
been referred to as the "Hatch Amendment" and the "Grassley
Amendment" after authors of amendments to the law. Now, school
officials may hear the law referred to as the "Tiahrt Amendment"
after Congressman Todd Tiahrt, who introduced the changes regarding
surveys to the PPRA. The statute is found in 20 U.S.C. § 1232h and
the regulations (not yet updated) are found in 34 CFR Part 98.
U.S. Department of Education Surveys
Subsection (a) of the legislation was not changed. Subsection (b)
added an additional category (see bold below) and made minor changes
to the existing seven categories. This provision applies to surveys
funded in whole or part by any program administered by the U. S.
Department of Education (ED). PPRA provides:
- that schools and contractors make instructional materials
available for inspection by parents if those materials will be
used in connection with an ED-funded survey, analysis, or
evaluation in which their children participate; and
- that schools and contractors obtain prior written parental
consent before minor students are required to participate in any
ED-funded survey, analysis, or evaluation that reveals information
concerning:
- political affiliations or beliefs of the student or the
student's parent;
- mental and psychological problems of the student or the
student's family;
- sex behavior or attitudes;
- illegal, anti-social, self-incriminating, or demeaning
behavior;
- critical appraisals of other individuals with whom
respondents have close family relationships;
- legally recognized privileged or analogous relationships,
such as those of lawyers, physicians, and ministers;
- religious practices, affiliations, or beliefs of the student
or student's parent; or
- income (other than that required by law to determine
eligibility for participation in a program or for receiving
financial assistance under such program).
Subsections a and b of PPRA generally apply when a survey is
funded, at least in part, by any program administered by the
Secretary of Education.
Surveys Funded by Sources Other than U.S. Department of
Education
The new provisions (contained in subsection c) apply (as does
FERPA) to educational agencies or institutions that receive funds
from any program of the Department of Education. Thus, public
elementary and secondary schools are subject to the new provisions
of PPRA. Here are the new requirements:
- Schools are required to develop and adopt policies - in
conjunction with parents - regarding the following -
- The right of parents to inspect, upon request, a survey
created by a third party before the survey is administered or
distributed by a school to students.
- Arrangements to protect student privacy in the event of the
administration of a survey to students, including the right of
parents to inspect, upon request, the survey, if the survey
contains one or more of the same eight items of information
noted above.
- The right of parents to inspect, upon request, any
instructional material used as part of the educational
curriculum for students.
- The administration of physical examinations or screenings
that the school may administer to students.
- The collection, disclosure, or use of personal information
collected from students for the purpose of marketing or selling,
or otherwise providing the information to others for that
purpose.
- The right of parents to inspect, upon request, any
instrument used in the collection of information, as described
in number 5.
- Local educational agencies (LEAs) must "directly" notify
parents of these policies and, at a minimum, shall provide the
notice at least annually, at the beginning of the school year. The
LEA must also notify parents within a reasonable period of time if
any substantive change is made to the policies.
- In the notification, the LEA shall offer an opportunity for
parents to opt out of (remove their child) from participation in
the following activities:
- Activities involving the collection, disclosure, or use of
personal information collected from students for the purpose of
marketing or for selling that information, or otherwise
providing that information to others for that purpose.
- The administration of any third party (non-Department of
Education funded) survey containing one or more of the above
described eight items of information.
- Any non-emergency, invasive physical examination or
screening that is: 1) required as a condition of attendance; 2)
administered by the school and scheduled by the school in
advance; and not necessary to protect the immediate health and
safety of the student, or of other students.
- In the notification, the LEA shall notify parents the specific
or approximate dates during the school year when these activities
are scheduled.
- An LEA is not required to develop and adopt new policies if
the State educational agency (SEA) or LEA has in place, on the
date of enactment of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001,
policies covering the requirements set forth in this law.
- The requirements concerning activities involving the
collection and disclosure of personal information from students
for marketing purposes do not apply to the collection, disclosure,
or use of personal information collected from students for the
exclusive purpose of developing, evaluating, or providing
educational products or services for, or to, students or
educational institutions, such as the following:
- College or other postsecondary education recruitment, or
military recruitment.
- Book clubs, magazines, and programs providing access to
low-cost literacy products.
- Curriculum and instructional materials used by elementary
schools and secondary schools.
- Tests and assessments used by elementary schools and
secondary schools to provide cognitive, evaluative, diagnostic,
clinical, aptitude, or achievement information about students.
- The sale by students of products or services to raise funds
for school-related or education-related activities.
- Student recognition programs.
- This law is not intended to preempt applicable provisions of
State law that require parental notification.
- This law does not apply to any physical examination or
screening that is permitted or required by State law, including
such examinations or screenings permitted without parental
notification.
- The requirements of PPRA do not apply to a survey administered
to a student in accordance with the Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act (IDEA).
- These requirements do not supersede any of the requirements of
FERPA.
- The rights provided to parents under PPRA transfer from the
parent to the student when the student turns 18 years old or is an
emancipated minor under applicable State law. The law applies to
LEAs, but does not apply to postsecondary institutions.
- An SEA or LEA may use funds provided under part A of title V
of the ESEA to enhance parental involvement in areas affecting the
in-school privacy of students.
Definition of some terms used in PPRA
"Instructional Material" - instructional material that is
provided to a student, regardless of format, including printed or
representational materials, audio-visual materials, and materials in
electronic or digital formats (such as materials accessible through
the Internet). The term does not include academic tests or academic
assessments.
"Invasive Physical Examination" - any medical examination that
involves the exposure of private body parts, or any act during such
examination that includes incision, insertion, or injection into the
body, but does not include a hearing, vision, or scoliosis
screening.
"Personal Information" - individually identifiable information
including: 1) a student or parent's first and last name; 2) home
address; 3) telephone number; or 4) social security number.
The Department will issue regulations to reflect the changes in
FERPA and PPRA. The Family Policy Compliance Office (FPCO) in the
Department of Education administers both FERPA and PPRA. Informal
inquiries may be sent to FPCO via the following email addresses: FERPA@ED.Gov and PPRA@ED.Gov.
Family Policy Compliance Office U.S.
Department of Education 400 Maryland Avenue, SW Washington,
D.C. 20202-4605
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