S 1743 IS
107th CONGRESS
1st Session
S. 1743
To create a temporary reinsurance mechanism to enhance the
availability of terrorism insurance.
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
November 29, 2001
Mr. HOLLINGS (for himself, Mrs. BOXER, and Mr. WYDEN) introduced the
following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Commerce,
Science, and Transportation
A BILL
To create a temporary reinsurance mechanism to enhance the
availability of terrorism insurance.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.
(a) SHORT TITLE- This Act may be cited as the `National Terrorism
Reinsurance Fund Act'.
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS- The table of contents for this Act is as
follows:
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 4. National terrorism reinsurance program.
Sec. 6. Coverage provided.
Sec. 7. Secretary to determine if loss is attributable to
terrorism.
Sec. 8. Mandatory coverage by property and casualty insurers for acts of
terrorism.
Sec. 9. Pass-throughs and other rate increases.
Sec. 10. Credit for reinsurance.
Sec. 11. Administrative provisions.
Sec. 12. Inapplicability of certain laws.
Sec. 13. Sunset provision.
SEC. 2. FINDINGS.
The Congress finds the following:
(1) The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon on
September 11, 2001, have inflicted possibly the largest loss ever incurred
by insurers and reinsurers.
(2) The magnitude of the loss, and its impact on the current capacity of
the reinsurance market, threaten the ability of the property and casualty
insurance market to provide coverage to building owners, businesses, and
American citizens.
(3) It is necessary to create a temporary reinsurance mechanism to
augment the capacity of private insurers to provide insurance for terrorism
related risks.
SEC. 3. PURPOSE.
The purpose of this Act is to facilitate the coverage by property and
casualty insurers of the peril for losses due to acts of terrorism by
providing additional reinsurance capacity for loss or damage due to acts of
terrorism occurring within the United States, its territories, and
possessions.
SEC. 4. NATIONAL TERRORISM REINSURANCE PROGRAM.
(a) IN GENERAL- The Secretary of Commerce shall establish and administer a
program to provide reinsurance to participating insurers for losses due to
acts of terrorism.
(b) ADVISORY COMMITTEE; MEMBERSHIP- There is established an advisory
committee to provide advice and counsel to the Secretary in carrying out the
program of reinsurance established by the Secretary. The advisory committee
shall consist of 10 members, as follows:
(1) 3 representatives of the property and casualty insurance industry,
appointed by the Secretary.
(2) A representative of property and casualty insurance agents,
appointed by the Secretary.
(3) A representative of consumers of property-casualty insurance,
appointed by the Secretary.
(4) A representative of a recognized national credit rating agency,
appointed by the Secretary.
(5) A representative of the banking or real estate industry, appointed
by the Secretary.
(6) 2 representatives of the National Association of Insurance
Commissioners, designated by that organization.
(7) A representative of the Department of the Treasury, designated by
the Secretary of the Treasury.
(c) NATIONAL TERRORISM REINSURANCE FUND-
(1) ESTABLISHMENT- To carry out the reinsurance program, the Secretary
shall establish a National Terrorism Reinsurance Fund which shall be
available, without fiscal year limitations--
(A) to make such payments as may, from time to time, be required under
reinsurance contracts under this Act;
(B) to pay such administrative expenses as may be necessary or
appropriate to carry out the purposes of this Act, but such expenses may
not exceed $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2002, 2003, and 2004;
and
(C) to repay to the Secretary of the Treasury such sums, including
interest thereon, as may be borrowed from the Treasury for purposes of
this Act.
(2) CREDITS TO FUND- The Fund shall be credited with--
(A) reinsurance premiums, fees, and other charges which may be paid or
collected in connection with reinsurance provided under this Act;
(B) interest which may be earned on investments of the Fund;
(C) receipts from any other source which may, from time to time, be
credited to the Fund; and
(D) Funds borrowed by the Secretary from the Treasury.
(3) INVESTMENT IN OBLIGATIONS ISSUED OR GUARANTEED BY UNITED STATES- If
the Secretary determines that the moneys of the Fund are in excess of
current needs, he may request the investment of such amounts as he deems
advisable by the Secretary of the Treasury in obligations issued or
guaranteed by the United States.
(4) LOANS TO FUND- The Secretary of the Treasury shall grant loans to
the Fund in the manner and to the extent provided in this Act.
(d) UNDERWRITING STANDARDS- In order to carry out the responsibilities of
the Secretary under this Act and protect the Fund, the Secretary shall
establish minimum underwriting standards for participating insurers.
(e) Monitoring of Terrorism Insurance Rates-
(1) SECRETARY TO ESTABLISH SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RATES- The Secretary
shall establish a special committee on rates, the size and membership of
which shall be determined by the Secretary, except that the committee shall,
at a minimum, include--
(A) representatives of providers of insurance for losses due to acts
of terrorism;
(B) representatives of purchasers of such insurance;
(C) at least 2 representatives of NAIC; and
(D) at least 2 independent insurance actuaries.
(2) DUTIES- The special committee on rates shall meet at the call of the
Secretary and shall--
(A) review reports filed with the Secretary by State insurance
regulatory authorities;
(B) collect data on rate disclosure practices of participating
insurers for insurance for covered lines and for losses due to acts of
terrorism; and
(C) provide such advice and counsel to the Secretary as the Secretary
may require.
SEC. 5. FUND OPERATIONS.
(1) IN GENERAL- For the year beginning January 1, 2002, and each
subsequent year of operation, participating insurers shall pay into the Fund
an annual reinsurance contract premium of not less than 3 percent of their
respective gross direct written premiums for covered lines for the calendar
year. The annual premium shall be paid in installments at the end of each
calendar quarter. The reinsurance contract premium and any annual assessment
may be recovered by a participating insurer from its covered lines
policyholders as a direct surcharge calculated as a uniform percentage of
premium.
(2) ADDITIONAL CREDIT RISK PREMIUM- If the Secretary determines that a
participating insurer has a credit rating that is lower than the second from
highest credit rating awarded by nationally recognized credit rating
agencies, the Secretary may charge an additional credit risk premium, of up
to 0.5 percent of gross direct written premiums for covered lines received
by that insurer, to compensate the Fund for credit risk associated with
providing reinsurance to that insurer.
(1) LOAN- The Fund shall have an initial capital of $2,000,000,000,
which the Secretary shall borrow from the Treasury of the United States.
Upon application by the Secretary, the Secretary of the Treasury shall
transfer that amount to the Fund, out of amounts in the Treasury not
otherwise appropriated, at standard market rates.
(2) REPAYMENT OF START-UP LOAN- The Secretary shall use premiums
received from assessments in calendar year 2002 to repay the loan provided
to the Fund under paragraph (1).
(1) IN GENERAL- If the Secretary determines that the balance in the
accounts of the Fund is insufficient to cover anticipated claims,
administrative expenses, and maintain adequate reserves for any other
reason, after taking into account premiums assessed under subsection (a) and
any other amounts receivable, the Secretary shall borrow from the Treasury
an amount sufficient to satisfy the obligations of the Fund and to maintain
a positive balance of $2,000,000,000 in the accounts of the Fund. Upon
application by the Secretary, the Secretary of the Treasury shall transfer
to the Fund, out of amounts in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the
requested amount as an interest-bearing loan.
(2) INTEREST RATE- The rate of interest on any loan made to the Fund
under paragraph (1) shall be established by the Secretary of the Treasury
and based on the weighted average credit rating of the Fund before the loss
that made the loan necessary.
(3) $50 billion loan limit- Notwithstanding any other provision of this
Act, the total amount of loans outstanding at any time from the Treasury to
the Fund may not exceed the amount by which $50,000,000,000 exceeds the
Fund's assets.
(4) REPAYMENT OF LOANS BY ASSESSMENT- Any loan under paragraph (1) shall
be repaid from reserves of the Fund, assessments of participating insurers,
or a combination thereof. If an assessment is necessary, the maximum annual
assessment under this subsection shall be not more than 3 percent of the
direct written premium for covered lines. The reinsurance contract premium
and any annual assessment may be recovered by a participating insurer from
its covered lines policyholders as a direct surcharge calculated as a
uniform percentage of premium.
SEC. 6. COVERAGE PROVIDED.
(a) IN GENERAL- The Fund shall provide reinsurance for losses resulting
from acts of terrorism covered by reinsurance contracts entered into between
the Fund and participating insurers that write covered lines of insurance
within the meaning of section 14(5)(A) or that have elected, under section
14(5)(C), to voluntarily include another line of insurance.
(b) RETENTION- The Fund shall reimburse participating insurers for losses
resulting from acts of terrorism on direct losses in any calendar year in
excess of 10 percent of a participating insurer's average gross direct written
premiums and policyholders' surplus for covered lines for the most recently
ended calendar year for which data are available, based on each participating
insurer's annual statement for that calendar year as reported to NAIC.
(c) REIMBURSEMENT AMOUNT- If a participating insurer demonstrates to the
satisfaction of the Secretary that it has paid claims for losses resulting
from acts of terrorism equal to or in excess of the amount of retention
required by subsection (b), then the Fund shall reimburse the participating
insurer for--
(1) 90 percent of its covered losses in calendar year 2002; and
(2) a percentage of its covered losses in calendar years beginning after
calendar year 2002 equal to--
(A) 90 percent if the insurer pays an assessment equal to 4 percent of
the insurer's average gross direct written premiums and policyholders'
surplus for the most recently ended calendar year;
(B) 80 percent if the insurer pays an assessment equal to 3 percent of
the insurer's average gross direct written premiums and policyholders'
surplus for the most recently ended calendar year; and
(C) 70 percent if the insurer pays an assessment equal to 2 percent of
the insurer's average gross direct written premiums and policyholders'
surplus for the most recently ended calendar year.
(d) $50,000,000,000 Limit- Except as provided in subsection (e), the Fund
may not reimburse participating insurers for covered losses in excess of a
total Fund reimbursement amount for all participating insurers of
$50,000,000,000.
(e) Losses Exceeding $50,000,000,000 Limit- If the Secretary determines
that reimbursable losses in a calendar year from an event exceed
$50,000,000,000, the Secretary--
(1) shall pay, out of amounts in the Treasury not otherwise
appropriated--
(A) 90 percent of the covered losses occurring in calendar year 2002
in excess, in the aggregate, of $50,000,000,000 but not in excess of
$100,000,000; and
(B) 80 percent of the covered losses occurring in calendar year 2003
or 2004 in excess, in the aggregate, of $50,000,000,000 but not in excess
of $100,000,000; and
(2) shall notify the Congress of that determination and transmit to the
Congress recommendations for responding to the insufficiency of available
amounts to cover reimbursable losses.
(f) REPORTS TO STATE REGULATOR; CERTIFICATION-
(1) REPORTING TERRORISM COVERAGE- A participating insurer shall--
(A) report the amount of its terrorism insurance coverage to the
insurance regulatory authority for each State in which it does business;
and
(B) obtain a certification from the State that it is not providing
terrorism insurance coverage in excess of its capacity under State
solvency requirements.
(2) REPORTS TO SECRETARY- The State regulator shall furnish a copy of
the certification received under paragraph (1) to the Secretary.
SEC. 7. SECRETARY TO DETERMINE IF LOSS IS ATTRIBUTABLE TO TERRORISM.
(a) INITIAL DETERMINATION- If a participating insurer files a claim for
reimbursement from the Fund, the Secretary shall make an initial determination
as to whether the losses or expected losses were caused by an act of
terrorism.
(b) NOTICE AND HEARING- The Secretary shall give public notice of the
initial determination and afford all interested parties an opportunity to be
heard on the question of whether the losses or expected losses were caused by
an act of terrorism.
(c) FINAL DETERMINATION- Within 30 days after the Secretary's initial
determination, the Secretary shall make a final determination as to whether
the losses or expected losses were caused by an act of terrorism.
(d) STANDARD OF REVIEW- The Secretary's determination shall be upheld upon
judicial review if based upon substantial evidence.
SEC. 8. MANDATORY COVERAGE BY PROPERTY AND CASUALTY INSURERS FOR ACTS OF
TERRORISM.
(a) IN GENERAL- An insurer that provides lines of coverage described in
section 14(5)(A) or 14(5)(B) may not--
(1) exclude or limit coverage in those lines for losses from acts of
terrorism in the United States, its territories, and possessions in property
and casualty insurance policy forms; or
(2) deny or cancel coverage solely due to the risk of losses from acts
of terrorism in the United States.
(b) TERMS AND CONDITIONS- Insurance against losses from acts of terrorism
in the United States shall be covered with the same deductibles, limits,
terms, and conditions as the standard provisions of the policy for
non-catastrophic perils.
SEC. 9. PASS-THROUGHS AND OTHER RATE INCREASES.
(a) LIMITATION ON RATE INCREASES FOR COVERED RISKS- Except as provided in
subsection (b), a participating insurer that provides lines of coverage
described in section 14(5)(A) or 14(5)(B) may not increase annual
rates on covered risks during any period in which the insurer participates in
the Fund by a percent in excess of the sum of--
(1) the percent used to determine the insurer's assessment under section
5(a)(1); and
(2) if there is an assessment against the insurer under section 5(c)(4),
a percent equivalent to the percent assessment of the insurer's gross direct
written premium for covered lines.
(b) Terrorism-Related Increases in Excess of Pass-Throughs-
(1) REPORTS BY INSURERS- Not less than 30 days before the date on which
a participating insurer increases the premium rate for insurance on any
covered line of insurance described in section 14(5) based, in whole or in
part, on risk associated with insurance against losses due to acts of
terrorism, the insurer shall file a report with the State insurance
regulatory authority for the State in which the premium increase is
effective that--
(A) explains the need for the increased premium; and
(B) identifies the portion of the increase properly attributable to
risk associated with insurance offered by that insurer against losses due
to acts of terrorism; and
(C) demonstrates, by substantial evidence, why that portion of the
increase is warranted.
(2) REPORTS BY STATE REGULATORS- Within 15 days after a State insurance
regulatory authority receives a report from an insurer required by paragraph
(1), the authority--
(A) shall transmit a copy of the report to the Secretary;
(B) may include a determination with respect to whether an insurer has
met the requirement of paragraph (1)(C); and
(C) may include with the report any commentary or analysis it deems
appropriate.
SEC. 10. CREDIT FOR REINSURANCE.
Each State shall afford an insurer obtaining reinsurance from the Fund
credit for such reinsurance on the same basis and to the same extent that
credit for reinsurance would be available to that insurer under applicable
State law when reinsurance is obtained from an assuming insurer licensed or
accredited in that State.
SEC. 11. ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS; REPORTS AND ANALYSIS.
(a) IN GENERAL- In carrying out this Act, the Secretary may--
(1) issue such rules and regulations as may be necessary to administer
this Act;
(2) enter into reinsurance contracts, adjust and pay claims as provided
in this Act, and carry out the activities necessary to implement this
Act;
(3) set forth the coverage provided by the Fund to accomplish the
purposes of this Act;
(4) provide for an audit of the books and records of the Fund by the
General Accounting Office;
(5) take appropriate action to collect premiums or assessments under
this Act; and
(6) audit the reports, claims, books, and records of participating
insurers.
(b) REPORTS FROM INSURERS- Participating insurers shall submit reports on
a quarterly or other basis (as required by the Secretary) to the Secretary,
the Federal Trade Commission, and the General Accounting Office setting forth
rates, premiums, risk analysis, coverage, reserves, claims made for
reimbursement from the Fund, and such additional financial and actuarial
information as the Secretary may require regarding lines of coverage described
in section 14(5)(A) or 14(5)(B).
(c) FTC ANALYSIS AND ENFORCEMENT- The Federal Trade Commission shall
review the reports submitted under subsection (b), treating the information
contained in the reports as privileged and confidential, for the purpose of
determining whether any insurer is engaged in unfair methods of competition or
unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce (within the
meaning of section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 45)).
(d) GAO REVIEW- The Comptroller General shall provide for review and
analysis of the reports submitted under subsection (b), and, if necessary,
provide of audit of reimbursement claims filed by insurers with the Fund.
(e) REPORTS BY SECRETARY- No later than March 31st of each calendar year,
the Secretary shall transmit to the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Technology and the House of Representatives Committee on Commerce an annual
report on insurance rate increases for the preceding calendar year in the
United States based upon the reports received by the Secretary under this Act.
The Secretary may include in the report a recommendation for legislation to
impose Federal regulation of insurance rates on covered lines of insurance if
the Secretary determines that premium rates for insurance on covered lines of
insurance are--
(2) attributable to insurance for losses from acts of terrorism.
SEC. 12. INAPPLICABILITY OF CERTAIN LAWS.
(a) IN GENERAL- State laws relating to insurance rates, insurance policy
forms, insurance rates on any covered lines of insurance described in section
14(5)(A) or 14(5)(B), insurer financial requirements, and insurer licensing do
not apply to contracts entered into by the Fund. The Fund is not subject to
State tax and is exempt from Federal income tax. The reinsurance contract
premium paid and assessments collected by insurers shall not be subject to
local, State, or Federal tax. The reinsurance contract premium and assessments
recovered from policyholders shall not be subject to local, State, or Federal
tax.
(b) EXCEPTION FOR UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICE LAWS- Notwithstanding subsection
(a), nothing in this Act supersedes or preempts a State law that prohibits
unfair methods of competition in commerce, unfair or deceptive acts or
practices in commerce, or unfair insurance claims practices.
SEC. 13. SUNSET PROVISION.
(a) ASSESSMENT AND COLLECTION OF PREMIUMS- The Secretary shall continue
the premium assessment and collection operations of the Fund under this Act as
long as loans due from the Fund to the United States Treasury are
outstanding.
(b) PROVISION OF REINSURANCE- The Secretary shall suspend other operations
of the Fund for new contract years on the close of business on December 31,
2004, and may suspend the offering of reinsurance contracts for new contract
years at any time before that date if the Secretary determines that the
reinsurance provided by the Fund is no longer needed for covered lines due to
market conditions.
(c) REVIEW OF PRIVATE REINSURANCE AVAILABILITY- The Secretary shall review
the cost and availability of private reinsurance for acts of terrorism at
least annually and shall report the findings and any recommendations to
Congress by June 1 of each year the Fund is in operation.
(1) DISTRIBUTION FOR RESERVES- When the Secretary determines that all
Fund operations have been terminated, the Secretary shall dissolve the Fund.
Any unencumbered Fund assets remaining after the satisfaction of all
outstanding claims, loans from the Treasury, and other liabilities of the
Fund shall be distributed, on a pro rata basis based on premiums paid, to
any insurer that--
(A) participated in the Fund during its operation; and
(B) demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the Secretary, that any
amount received as a distribution from the Fund will be permanently
credited to a reserve account maintained by that insurer against claims
for industrywide aggregate losses of $2,000,000,000 from--
(i) acts of terrorism in the United States; or
(ii) the effects of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, or
hurricanes.
(2) RETENTION REQUIREMENT FOR TAPPING RESERVE- Amounts credited to a
reserve under paragraph (a) may not be used by an insurer to pay claims
until the insurer has paid claims for losses resulting from acts or events
described in paragraph (1)(B) in excess of 10 percent of that insurer's
average gross direct written premiums and policyholders' surplus for covered
lines for the most recently ended calendar year for which data are
available.
(3) OFFICER AND DIRECTOR PENALTIES FOR MISUSE OF RESERVES- Any officer
or director of an insurer who knowingly authorizes or directs the use of any
amount received from the Fund under paragraph (1) for any purpose other than
an appropriate use of amounts in the reserve to which the amount is credited
shall be guilty of a Class E felony and sentenced in accordance with the
provisions of section 3551 of title 18, United States Code.
(4) RESIDUAL DISTRIBUTION TO TREASURY- Any unencumbered Fund assets
remaining after the distribution under paragraph (1) shall be covered into
the Treasury of the United States as miscellaneous receipts.
SEC. 14. DEFINITIONS.
(1) SECRETARY- Except where otherwise specifically provided, the term
`Secretary' means the Secretary of Commerce.
(2) NAIC- The term `NAIC' means the National Association of Insurance
Commissioners.
(3) FUND- The term `Fund' means the National Terrorism Reinsurance Fund
established under section 4.
(4) PARTICIPATING INSURER- The term `participating insurer' means every
property and casualty insurer writing on a direct basis a covered line or
lines of insurance in any jurisdiction of the United States, its
territories, or possessions, including residual market insurers.
(A) IN GENERAL- The term `covered line' means any one or a combination
of the following, written on a direct basis, as reported by property and
casualty insurers in required financial reports on Statutory Page 14 of
the NAIC Annual Statement Blank:
(iii) Commercial multiple peril.
(vi) Workers compensation.
(vii) Products liability.
(viii) Commercial auto no-fault (personal injury protection), other
commercial auto liability, or commercial auto physical
damage.
(ix) Aircraft (all peril).
(xii) Boiler and machinery.
(xiii) Any other line of insurance that is reported by property and
casualty insurers in required financial reports on Statutory Page 14 of
the NAIC Annual Statement Blank which is voluntarily elected by an
participating insurer to be included in its reinsurance contract with
the Fund.
(B) OTHER LINES- For purposes of clause (xiii), the lines of business
that may be voluntarily selected are the following:
(i) Farmowners multiple peril.
(ii) Homeowners multiple peril.
(v) Private passenger automobile insurance.
(C) ELECTION- The election to voluntarily include another line of
insurance, if made, must apply to all affiliated insurers that are members
of an insurer group. Any voluntary election is on a one-time basis and is
irrevocable.
(6) LOSSES- The term `losses' means direct incurred losses from an act
of terrorism for covered lines, plus defense and cost containment expenses.
Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, a loss shall not be recognized as a
loss for the purpose of determining the amount of an insurer's retention or
reimbursement under this Act unless the claim for the loss has been paid
within 12 months after the terrorism event occurs and other loss
adjustments.
(7) COVERED LOSSES- The term `covered losses' means direct losses in
excess of the participating insurer's retention.
(8) Terrorism; act of terrorism-
(A) IN GENERAL- The terms `terrorism' and `act of terrorism' mean any
act, certified by the Secretary in concurrence with the Secretary of State
and the Attorney General, as a violent act or act dangerous to human life,
property or infrastructure, within the United States, its territories and
possessions, that is committed by an individual or individuals acting on
behalf of foreign agents or foreign interests (other than a foreign
government) as part of an effort to coerce or intimidate the civilian
population of the United States or to influence the policy or affect the
conduct of the United States government.
(B) ACTS OF WAR- No act shall be certified as an act of terrorism if
the act is committed in the course of a war declared by the Congress of
the United States or by a foreign government.
(C) FINALITY OF CERTIFICATION- Any certification, or determination not
to certify, by the Secretary under subparagraph (A) is final and not
subject to judicial review.
(A) IN GENERAL- The term `insurer' means an entity writing covered
lines on a direct basis and licensed as a property and casualty insurer,
risk retention group, or other entity authorized by law as a residual
market mechanism providing property or casualty coverage in at least one
jurisdiction of the United States, its territories, or
possessions.
(B) VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION- A State workers' compensation, auto, or
property insurance Fund may voluntarily participate as an
insurer.
(10) CONTRACT YEAR- The term `contract year' means the period of time
that obligations exist between a participating insurer and the Fund for a
given annual reinsurance contract.
(11) RETENTION- The term `retention' means the level of direct losses
retained by a participating insurer for which the insurer is not entitled to
reimbursement by the Fund.
END