Copyright 2001 eMediaMillWorks, Inc.
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Federal Document Clearing House
Congressional Testimony
June 20, 2001, Wednesday
SECTION: CAPITOL HILL HEARING TESTIMONY
LENGTH: 1496 words
COMMITTEE:
HOUSE ENERGY AND COMMERCE
SUBCOMMITTEE: HEALTH
HEADLINE:
PROHIBITON ON
HUMAN CLONING
TESTIMONY-BY: FRANCIS FUKUYAMA, PROFESSOR,
AFFILIATION: GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW
BODY: June 20, 2001
Prepared Witness
Testimony The Committee on Energy and Commerce W.J. "Billy Tauzin" Chairman
H.R. 1644,
Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2001, and
H.R.____, Cloning Prohibition Act of 2001 Subcommittee on Health
Mr.
Francis Fukuyama Omer L. and Nancy Hirst Professor of Public Policy The School
of Public Policy George Mason University
(As of July 1, 2001, Dr.
Francis Fukuyama will be Bernard Schwartz Professor of International Political
Economy at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns
Hopkins University. He is currently Omer L. and Nancy Hirst Professor of Public
Policy at George Mason University)
Statement of Francis Fukuyama, Ph.D.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for the opportunity to testify before this
subcommittee on the subject of
human cloning. I am Dr. Francis
Fukuyama, and as of July 1 of this year I will be Bernard Schwartz Professor of
International Political Economy at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced
International Studies, Johns Hopkins University. I have been working intensively
for the past several years on the implications of modern biology for politics,
and particularly on issues of international governance related to biotechnology.
I am opposed to
human cloning for two reasons. The first is
that human reproductive cloning, if and when it becomes possible, will
constitute a highly unnatural form of reproduction, one that interferes with the
normal process of conception and establishes a very abnormal relationship
between parent and child. I believe that human nature is a valid standard for
establishing human rights, and that technological procedures that interfere
egregiously with normal human functioning should be viewed very skeptically in
the absence of very powerful reasons to do so. I do not have time today to
defend this position at greater length, but would be happy to provide the
subcommittee with further materials at a later time.
The second reason
that I am opposed to
human cloning, and in support of
legislation to curtail it, is that cloning represents the opening wedge for a
series of future technologies that will permit us to alter the human germline
and ultimately to design people genetically. I believe that we must proceed
extremely cautiously in this direction because such a capability of altering
human nature has extremely grave political, social, and moral implications. It
is therefore extremely important that Congress act legislatively at this point
to establish the principle that our democratic political community is sovereign
and has the power to control the pace and scope of such technological
developments.
There is another reason for Congress to act quickly, one
that is related to our American political system. In the past, it has been the
case that the courts have stepped into controversial areas of social policy when
the legislature failed to act to negotiate acceptable political rules. This was
the case, for example, with both abortion and busing. In the absence of
Congressional action on cloning, it is conceivable that the courts at some later
point may be tempted or compelled to step into the breech and discover, for
example, that
human cloning or research on cloning is a
constitutionally protected right. This has been and will be a very poor approach
to the formulation of law and public policy. The American people must therefore
express their will on
human cloning at the first opportunity
through their democratically elected representatives, a will that I believe the
courts will be predisposed to respect.
Of the two bills before this
committee, H.R. 1644, "The
Human Cloning Prohibition Act of
2001," and H.R. 2172, "The Cloning Prohibition Act of 2001," I would strongly
urge Congress to pass the former. The reason for this is that while both bills
ban reproductive cloning, the latter in effect legalizes non- reproductive
cloning and the deliberate creation of embryos for research purposes. I believe
that this would legitimate the first step toward the manufacture of human
beings, and I do not believe that it will be possible to enforce a ban on
reproductive cloning once embryos can be easily produced for research purposes.
The issue that I would like to raise before this committee concerns the
international dimensions of any effort to regulate a medical technology like
human cloning. Opponents of a legislative ban frequently argue
that such a ban would be rendered ineffective by the fact that we live in a
globalized world in which any attempt to regulate technology by sovereign
nation- states can easily be sidestepped by moving to another jurisdiction.
There are other advanced countries in Europe and Asia eager to move ahead in
biotechnology, it is said, and the United States will risk falling behind
technologically if we hobble ourselves by restricting either research into or
the actual procedure of cloning. In the absence of comprehensive international
regulation, no national regulation will work. This is part of a larger
widespread belief that technological advance should not and cannot be stopped.
I believe that this is a fundamentally flawed argument. In the first
place, it is simply not the case that the pace and scope of technological
advance cannot be controlled politically. There are many dangerous or
controversial technologies, including nuclear weapons and nuclear power,
ballistic missiles, biological and chemical warfare agents, replacement human
body parts, neuropharmacological drugs, and the like which cannot be freely
developed or traded internationally. We have successfully regulated
experimentation in human subjects internationally for many decades. The fact
that none of the regulatory regimes controlling these technologies has ever been
leakproof or regulations fully implemented has never been a valid reason not to
try to put them in place in the first instance.
Second, to argue that no
national ban or regulation can precede an international agreement on the subject
is to put the cart before the horse. Regulation never starts at an international
level: nation-states have to set up enforceable rules for their own societies
before they can even begin to think about international rules. The United
States, as an economically, politically, and culturally dominant force in the
world will have an enormous impact on other societies. The Council on Europe has
already passed a ban on cloning; to date, twenty-four countries (including
Germany, France, Italy, and Japan) have already enacted national bans on
cloning, while sixteen have banned creation of embryos for research purposes.
The United States can do a great deal to either reinforce (or else undermine) an
emerging international consensus that
human cloning is an
unacceptable use of medical technology.
I do believe that international
competition in biomedical research creates problems for any nation that wants to
limit or control new technology. There are a number of countries that will try
to exploit a
human cloning ban or any other constraints the
United States places on the development of future biotechnologies. We should not
be prematurely defeatist, however, in thinking that we have no choice but to
join in this technological arms race. If we can establish a general consensus
among civilized nations that
human cloning is unacceptable, we
will then have a range of traditional diplomatic and economic instruments at our
disposal to persuade or pressure countries outside that consensus to join. If
human cloning ends up being a procedure that can be performed,
but only in states regarded as renegade or pariahs, then so much the better. But
none of this will be possible unless we first begin by establishing laws on this
subject for the United States.
Let me close by saying that
human
cloning is the first of many political decisions and battles that will
occur over biotechnology. In the future, total bans on research and technology
development of the sort envisioned by H. R. 1644 will not be the right model.
What we will soon need is a broader regulatory structure that will permit us, on
a routine basis, to make decisions that distinguish between those technologies
that represent positive and helpful advances for human well-being, and those
that raise troubling moral and political questions. Ultimately, this regulation
will have to become international in scope if it is to be more effective. We
will need to think carefully about the institutional form that such a regulatory
structure must take. A blanket ban on
human cloning is
appropriate at this time, however, because it is necessary at an early point to
establish the principle that the political community has the legitimacy,
authority, and power to control the direction of future biomedical research, on
an issue where it is difficult to come up with compelling arguments about why
there is a legitimate need for
human cloning. Thank you
very much for your attention.
LOAD-DATE: June
21, 2001