I don’t want to turn this into a political forum, but I do have to ask questions that are very troubling. I’m just going to give you one as an example. As you know, in the 1970s, American scientists were working on in vitro fertilization, but the buzz word, “test tube babies,’ got around and there was a conservative backlash that caused the government to stop NIH research until an advisory commission could be formed to study ethics. In the meantime, over in England, they proceeded, and in 1978 the first test tube baby was born not in America but in England. And then finally following suit and seeing that it was accepted practice in other countries the first American test tube baby was born in 1981. Today there are 400 infertility clinics in the country and 178,000 Americans walking around who were conceived in a test tube and it’s totally routine practice.

So my problem is that what we fear today may very well become commonplace tomorrow. And in the case of in vitro fertilization, it wasn’t that serious b/c we weren’t talking about life or death but the whole issue of where we’re going with research is life and death. For example, Senator Brownback of Kansas has introduced a bill to be voted on in the next 10 days, which would not only ban all forms of cloning but actually criminalize it. So I could go to the UK, and I could come back walking and be arrested in the airport. That’s absurd…just absolutely absurd. I follow very closely what he has said on the subject and he was asked by Senator Harkin in a hearing, “What do you think about in vitro fertilization clinics?’ And he said, “I have no problem with them. Many of my friends have had fine children that way. It’s fine by me.’ Senator Harkin said, ‘You’re aware, of course, that at least a third or maybe more of the excess fertilized embryos from these clinics are routinely thrown in the garbage. They’re thrown away.’ Senator Brownback said, ‘I believe a great majority of them are put up for adoption.’ Well, let me tell you something. First of all, just in the state of Kansas, there’s a  no adoption policy. And in the last 21 years, only 100 fertilized embryos have been adopted by another couple. And yet, Senator Brownback is forming legislation that describes the little cluster of cells that is an unfertilized egg, just the zygotes, that would have its nucleus removed and then the DNA from the patient put in the process of somatic cell transfer. He calls that little clump of cells an individual. So I have a big problem with that because therapeutic cloning is still in its infancy, but it has such promise. Not to encourage that research responsibly may result in a lot of people dying unnecessarily and keep a lot of people in wheelchairs longer than they need to. And countries all around the world are grappling with the issue and deciding that the purpose of government is to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people, and that you can regulate cloning, ban reproductive cloning and live up to our obligation to provide the best medical technology to our citizens. So sitting here as a patient when you have a legislature who doesn’t’ know or turns a blind eye to the destruction of fertilized embryos, that says that a clump of cells is an individual, I really have a problem with that. I really have a problem. And the reason I bring this up is because I’m struggling to keep up my hope and the hope for patients like me and almost any other disease that you can think of.

I originally thought that progress would depend on money and bringing enough scientists into the field, particularly in the case of neuroscience to advance spinal cord repair. I thought that was going to be the issue, but it’s not. We do have money. The NIH budget next year will be 27.2 billion dollars. When I was injured the budget was 12 billion dollars. And yet, we still have a problem because even though scientists are pouring into the field, their hands are tied by government policy and by the long delay in dealing with stem cells and therapeutic cloning, and frankly, we don’t have the time to wait. We just don’t have the time to wait. The more people who come into the field with the mission of doing the best for their patients and realizing that religion is not to be confused with government policy, that it doesn’t’ belong in the middle of government policy… It’s tough b/c it has sort of turned out that way in this country. But we have to change that, and we have to let scientists speak about science. And we have to let scientists advance the most groundbreaking technology that will help their fellow citizens. And so my hope is that all of you, whatever your political persuasions are, whatever your religious persuasions are, whatever your own personal feelings are, again, that idealism that you have today about service, about what medicine means, about what you can do, please don’t lose that. Please don’t lose that in the middle of your path as you go on in life because we need pure medicine. We need the best medicine. We need ethical behavior, ethical conduct but doctors are ethical. Their conduct is monitored. I believe in doctors. I have the greatest admiration and reverence for doctors. Now we’ve just got to get out of the way and let you guys do your work. Thank you so much for being willing to take the journey that you’re taking and for doing that work. I applaud each and every one of you and thank you for making it and if there’s anything that I can ever do to help, or if you guys ever want to be in touch to talk about issues, I can always be reached at the Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation.

I’m going to say one thing that will probably get me kicked out of here, and then I’ll leave anyway. It seems to me that there are a lot of old traditions that are worth keeping. They are in every field. Certainly in the military, there are rites of passage. There are traditions that you have to go through that are very, very difficult. And the reason they’re there is when you get passed them, you have earned your right to go up the next step. However, from my own experience in intensive care, I’m not really happy to see a resident come in who hasn’t slept in three days. So I think just b/c it’s been done for years and years and years, that we could change that too. Because if you guys are well rested, if you guys had, you know, shorter rotations and stuff, you could concentrate and it’d be better for us. Because whenever an intern with no sleep is giving me a medication, I want him to check it twice, but I don’t’ know why you have to be put through that particular hardship.  I think that it could be eased up and it would be something that, you know, just the system might think about. Probably nothing will happen, but I just toss it out there because I’m that kind of person. Thank you very much. Congratulations.