Copyright 2002 eMediaMillWorks, Inc.
(f/k/a Federal
Document Clearing House, Inc.)
Federal Document Clearing House
Congressional Testimony
September 26, 2002 Thursday
SECTION: CAPITOL HILL HEARING TESTIMONY
LENGTH: 4431 words
COMMITTEE:
HOUSE TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
SUBCOMMITTEE: HIGHWAYS AND TRANSIT
HEADLINE: NEEDS OF
HIGHWAY AND TRANSIT
SYSTEMS
TESTIMONY-BY: KATHERINE SIGGERUD, ACTING
DIRECTOR,
AFFILIATION: PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES
BODY: Statement of Katherine Siggerud Acting
Director, Physical Infrastructure Issues
Before the Subcommittee on
Highways and Transit, Committee on House Transportation and
Infrastructure,
September 26, 2002
Mr. Chairman and Members of
the Committee:
I appreciate the opportunity to testify on the conditions
of the Interstate
Highway System and estimates of its future
needs. My testimony today is based primarily on our May 2002 report.1
As
you know, the Interstate
Highway System, begun nearly half a
century ago, has become central to transportation in the United States. The
Interstate System extends over 46,000 miles in length and includes about 210,000
lane miles.2 The system carries over 24 percent of all vehicle miles traveled in
the nation, while making up just 2.5 percent of total lane miles.
Funding for the Interstate System has been a major part of
total
highway funding since 1954, when Interstate construction
began. From 1954 through 2001, federal
funding for Interstates
totaled over $
370 billion (2001 dollars)--about 46 percent of
all apportionments administered by the Federal
Highway
Administration (FHWA) during this period. Given the significance of the
Interstate
Highway System, our statement will address the
following: (1) How have the operations, physical conditions, and safety of the
Interstate
Highway System changed over time and how do they
compare to other classes of roads? (2) What factors are likely to affect the
condition of the Interstate
highways in the future? (3) What
are FHWA's estimates of the future cost of maintaining Interstate conditions?
and (4) How useful are the estimates for
highway investment
requirements in the Department of Transportation's (DOT) Conditions and
Performance Report? To obtain information on Interstate conditions, we conducted
a nationwide mail survey in 2001 of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and
Puerto Rico3 and visited five states to obtain more detailed information.4 We
also reviewed Federal
Highway Administration data. Finally, to
provide information on FHWA's estimate of future investment requirements, I will
discuss information on FHWA's
highway model based on our June
2000 report to this committee and the Senate Committee on Environment and Public
Works5 and a review of language for DOT's Draft Conditions and Performance
Report.
In summary:
- Congestion on Interstate
highways has increased over the last decade, while the physical
condition of the Interstate has generally improved, and the level of safety has
remained steady. For example, a measure of traffic density--daily vehicle lane
miles traveled--increased over 31 percent from 1990 through 2000. In addition, a
measure of how congestion affects drivers--the travel time index-- increased by
about 12 percent during the past decade. At the same time, FHWA statistics show
that Interstate pavement condition improved over the past 10 years-- 8.6 percent
of the pavement was in poor condition in 1990, compared with 3.4 percent in
2000. Although overall physical conditions have improved, conditions of specific
sections of Interstate can vary. For example, FHWA statistics show 10 states
have at least one-third of their pavement in mediocre or poor condition as
compared with 18.3 percent of
highways in that condition
nationwide. Finally, FHWA data show that while Interstate
highways are generally more congested than other classes of
roads, they are in better physical condition and are safer than other classes of
roads.
- Some of the factors states expect to negatively affect the
conditions of their Interstate
highways in the future include
increases in passenger and freight traffic, aging infrastructure, and financial
constraints. States responding to our survey reported that they expect the
overall traffic (passenger and freight) on their Interstate system to increase
over the next decade. The states expect this increase in traffic to most
negatively affect the condition of their pavement and congestion. For example,
51 states responding to our survey indicated that traffic volume would
negatively affect congestion in their urban areas. Concerns about increased
congestion arise because population, licensed drivers, and freight all increased
over 12 percent over the past decade, while Interstate lane miles increased only
6 percent. In addition, the age of the infrastructure is a factor impacting the
future conditions of pavement and bridges. For example, half of the Interstate
bridges are currently over 33 years old.6 Finally, some states may face an
increasing number of large- dollar projects (such as bridge repairs), state
budget shortfalls, and uncertain
funding for federal
highway programs, all which may affect the amount of funds
available for Interstate projects.
- FHWA's estimates of future annual
Interstate
highway investment requirements vary depending on
the goal transportation officials have for performance of the Interstate system.
For example, based on modeling used in DOT's 1999 Conditions and Performance
Report, the estimated annual cost to maintain current pavement conditions is
$
16.4 billion (2000 dollars). The estimated annual cost to
achieve another potential goal, maintaining user costs (including costs to
drivers such as their travel time and costs of operating a vehicle) is
$
17.3 billion (2000 dollars). Recent spending on capital
investment on Interstates falls below these estimates at $
14.1
billion for 2000. In addition, FHWA has revised its model used to estimate
investment requirements for use in its next Conditions and Performance Report.
According to an FHWA official, these revisions might be expected to increase the
estimated investment requirements to maintain user costs.
- In 2000, we
evaluated the model that FHWA uses to forecast Interstate and other
highways' pavement preservation and
highway
capacity requirements and found that this model can be useful as a general guide
for assessing relative investment requirements over time. However, the model has
some limitations; namely, it does not fully account for uncertainties associated
with its methods, data, and assumptions. We recommended that FHWA (1) clarify
that there are uncertainties associated with the estimates and clearly identify
sensitivity analyses that illustrate these uncertainties and (2) explain in its
Conditions and Performance Reports that one portion of the
highway investment requirements is based on benefit-cost
analysis and that the other portion was calculated using less reliable methods.
The agency agreed with these recommendations. FHWA has also taken additional
steps to improve the quality of its
highway investment needs
forecasts.
The Federal-Aid
Highway Act of 1944
established the Interstate
Highway System but did not provide
specific
funding for construction. In the Federal-Aid
Highway Act of 1956, Congress declared that the completion of a
"National System of Interstate and Defense
Highways" was
essential to the national interest. The act stated that the system was to serve
the principal metropolitan areas, cities, and industrial centers; support the
national defense; and connect with routes of continental importance in Canada
and Mexico.
The Federal-Aid
Highway Act of 1956 also
established a new method for apportioning funds among states and set the federal
government's cost share for Interstate construction projects at 90 percent.7 At
the same time, the
Highway Revenue Act of 1956 introduced a
dedicated source for federal
highway expenditures, providing
that revenue from certain federal motor fuel and other motor vehicle related
taxes be credited to the
Highway Trust Fund. From 1954 through
2001, the Federal government invested over $
370 billion (2001
dollars) on Interstates through apportionments to the states, more than on any
other class of road. After 1991, Federal apportionments for Interstate
highways declined from their earlier construction period
levels, but remained substantial. From 1992 through 2001, federal apportionments
for Interstate
highways were 17.5 percent of FHWA's total
highway apportionments, compared to 18.0 percent for the
National
Highway System8 and 21.8 percent for the Surface
Transportation Program.9 FHWA, within DOT, administers a variety of federal
highway programs supported by the trust fund-- collectively
referred to as the Federal-Aid
Highway Program.
The
Interstate System, as of 2000, extends over 46,000 miles in length and 209,655
lane miles. In 2000, the system accounted for 2.5 percent of the nation's total
estimated lane miles, while it carried over 24 percent of total vehicle miles
traveled. From 1990 through 2000, Interstate mileage grew by about 3.1 percent,
or 1,405 miles in length, or 11,491 lane miles during the decade. Additions to
the Interstate system can be made by adding lanes to existing roadways, state
requests for and FHWA approval of new Interstate mileage, and Congressional
designations of new Interstates.
Currently, both the federal government
and states fund the construction and maintenance activities on the Interstate
Highway System. Each year, the federal government provides
billions of dollars to the states for the construction and repair of
highways through various
highway programs.
Under one such program--the Interstate Maintenance Program (IM)-- federal funds
support projects for resurfacing, restoring, rehabilitating, or reconstructing
portions of the Interstate System. Under certain circumstances, states may
transfer funds among various
highway programs. For example,
subject to certain limitations, states may transfer IM funds to other programs
and use them on other classes of roads (with a federal cost share of 80
percent). Similarly, states may also transfer funds from other
funding categories to their IM program and use them for
qualifying projects on Interstate
highways. Other programs that
can be used to fund Interstate projects include the Interstate Maintenance
Discretionary Program, the Bridge Discretionary Program, and the
Highway Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation Program.
Congestion on the Interstates has grown and Interstates are generally
more congested than other freeways and principal arterials. However, the
Interstate's physical conditions (pavement and bridges) are in good overall
shape, and Interstate
highways are also in better physical
condition and are safer than other classes of roads. Finally, although
Interstate conditions are relatively good nationwide, the conditions are not
even across the country.
Whether measured in terms of traffic density or
travel time, congestion has increased over the past decade. We looked at FHWA's
"daily vehicle miles traveled per lane mile"10 to measure traffic density.11 The
overall density of traffic on Interstates has increased--31.7 percent over the
past decade, an average annual increase of about 3 percent. Also, traffic
density is higher on urban
highways than on rural ones.12
Finally, the traffic density on urban Interstate
highways is
higher than on other classes of urban roads.
Although the density of
traffic on urban Interstate
highways is higher than on rural
Interstates, traffic on rural Interstate
highways is increasing
at a faster rate than on any other class of road. From 1990 through 2000, the
daily vehicle lane miles traveled on rural Interstates increased at an average
annual rate of 3.3 percent. By comparison, the daily vehicle lane miles traveled
increased at an annual rate of 1.9 percent on rural principal arterials13 and at
a rate of 1.7 percent on urban Interstates.
Another measure of
congestion--the travel time index--indicates how much more time it takes to
travel during a peak period than at other times of day.14 During the past
decade, the travel time index on Interstates increased by about 12 percent. This
statistic provides information about drivers' experiences as well as the level
of congestion on the road because it accounts for delays due both to the traffic
demand on the road and to roadway incidents, like accidents. For example, a
travel time index of 1.63, the value on urban Interstates in 2000, means that a
trip that takes 30 minutes in an off-peak (noncongested) period would, on
average, take 63 percent longer, or almost 19 extra minutes in the peak
period--in other words, the trip would take an average of about 49 minutes when
the road is congested, rather than 30 minutes when it is not congested.15 This
statistic also shows that congestion levels are higher on the urban Interstate
System than on other classes of roads, specifically urban freeways and
expressways and urban principal arterials. (See fig. 2.)
FHWA statistics
show that Interstate pavement conditions have generally improved since 1990.
According to these statistics, 8.6 percent of Interstate pavement, or 3,897
miles, was in poor condition in 1990. By 2000, the share of poor Interstate
miles16 had dropped to 3.4 percent, or 1,560 miles.17 (See fig. 3) nation as a
whole, 63.5 percent of pavement was in good or very good condition, 18.2 percent
was in fair condition, and 18.3 percent was in mediocre or poor condition.
However, 10 states have at least one- third of their pavement in mediocre or
poor condition. In addition, of 51 survey responses, 39 states reported that
their Interstate pavement is currently in good or excellent condition; 9 said
that their pavement is in fair condition; 3 reported poor Interstate pavement
conditions; and none reported very poor conditions. 18
Compared with
"other major arterials," Interstates are in better condition in both rural and
urban areas.19 See figure 4 below showing the difference in percent of poor
pavement."
The number of deficient Interstate bridges has declined over
the last 8 years. Specifically, the number of structurally deficient bridges
declined by over 22 percent from 1992 through 2000. 20 In addition, the number
of functionally obsolete bridges declined by more than 10 percent over the same
period. 21 As of April 2001, 5 percent of the nation's Interstate bridges were
structurally deficient and another 16 percent were functionally obsolete. State
officials responding to our survey generally reported that their bridges are
currently in good condition. Of the states responding to our survey, 31 said
that the overall condition of their Interstate bridges is good or excellent;
another 19 said it is fair. However, although the number of bridges with
deficiencies is decreasing, the conditions vary by state. For example, FHWA data
shows that in 2001, states varied from having no structurally deficient
Interstate bridges to almost 22 percent deficient.
In addition,
Interstate bridges are generally in better condition than those on other classes
of roads. According to 1998 FWHA data, about 27 percent of urban Interstate
bridges were deficient,22 compared with a range from over 27 percent for "urban
other freeways and expressways" to over 38 percent for both "urban minor
arterials" and "urban collectors." In addition, 16 percent of rural Interstate
bridges were deficient, compared with a range from 17 percent for "rural other
principal arterials" to over 36 percent for "rural local roads."
The
fatality rate on the Interstate System has been relatively steady after falling
early in the 1990s. The number of fatalities on Interstate
highways has increased over the past decade, but so has the
level of traffic, as indicated by the number of vehicle miles traveled (VMT).23
Relatively speaking, Interstate
highways are the safest
of all
highways. We recently reported24 that among urban road
types, "other principal arterial" roads had the highest 1999 fatality rate25 at
1.27--compared with 0.61, the lowest fatality rate, on urban Interstate roads.
Similarly, we reported that among the rural road types, "rural local roads" had
the highest 1999 fatality rate at 3.79--compared with 1.24, the lowest fatality
rate, on rural Interstate roads. In addition, 45 states we surveyed said that
the current level of safety on their Interstates was good or excellent. State
department of transportation officials expect the performance of their
Interstates to fall behind over the next 10 years, especially in terms of
congestion. (See fig. 5). These officials pointed to certain factors, including
increasing passenger and truck traffic, age of their infrastructure, and
financial constraints that could negatively affect the condition of their
Interstates, not only in terms of congestion, but also in terms of pavement
conditions and safety.
Passenger traffic is expected to increase and
states expect the total traffic volume to negatively affect many Interstate
conditions, especially urban congestion. Estimates that FHWA uses show that
passenger traffic will increase by 17 percent from the end of 2001 through
2010--an increase from 2.7 trillion vehicle miles traveled to 3.1 trillion.
Although 39 states reported that their Interstate system played a great or very
great role in providing efficient travel within urban areas, they are still
concerned that increases in traffic volume will negatively affect urban
congestion. Specifically, 51 states said that traffic volume would negatively
affect congestion in their urban areas.
In addition, states and FHWA
data indicate that truck traffic is expected to increase in the future.
Specifically, all of the states expect truck traffic to increase over the next
10 years. In addition, estimates used by FHWA show freight movement by truck
increasing by 28 percent from the end of 2001 through the end of 2010. Finally,
an alliance of primarily southern and southeastern states released a 2001 study
that estimates a 6.9 percent annual increase in Latin American truck traffic in
the United States (resulting in almost a doubling over the 10-year period).
Ninety- six percent of this truck traffic will be on Interstates. Forty-nine of
the states said that they expect this increase in truck traffic to negatively
affect the condition of their pavement. In addition, 49 states expect truck
traffic to increase urban congestion.
States' concerns about increases
in passenger and freight traffic and their relation to Interstate congestion are
illustrated below. As figure 6 shows, increases in overall population and the
number of licensed drivers are factors that could each cause more cars to be on
the road during peak hours. These, along with other factors, resulted in a 39
percent increase in the number of miles traveled in the United States in the
past decade. Freight movement by truck also increased by 40 percent over the
first 8 years of the decade. However, Interstate capacity in terms of lane miles
increased by only 6 percent over the past decade.
Another factor
negatively affecting the condition of Interstate pavement and bridges is the age
of the infrastructure. For example, half of the Interstate bridges are currently
over 33 years old. (See fig. 7.) Officials from one state we visited explained
that many of their state's Interstate bridges were built about 40 years ago and
are reaching the end of their estimated 50-year design life.26 In addition,
officials in 45 states believe age may jeopardize their bridge conditions:
officials in 38 states expect age to negatively affect their pavement conditions
10 years from now.
Transportation officials are concerned that some
states may face an increasing number of large-dollar projects, such as work on
bridges or interchanges, which may constrain spending for those states' other
projects for a number of years. For example, Missouri is looking at
reconstructing the 200-mile I-70 corridor at a cost of $
2.5
billion to $
3.0 billion. In addition, the Woodrow Wilson
Bridge, which moves north-south traffic on I-95 around Washington, D.C., is
expected to cost over $
2 billion and is being funded by two
states and FHWA. According to a Maryland official, over the 6-year project,
funding for the bridge accounts for 45 percent of expenditures
on major projects in the state's capital budget. In May we reported that 40
states were facing budget shortfalls for 2002.
Currently, the National
Association of State Budget Officers reports that 45 states either currently
face a budget shortfall or had one at some point during fiscal year 2002.
Furthermore, the amount of funds available for federal
highway
programs in fiscal year 2003 is uncertain,27 depending on congressional action.
Potential reductions in state funds and the uncertainty of federal
funding levels could reduce the funds available for maintaining
the Interstates.
FHWA's estimate of future annual Interstate
highway investment requirements to maintain current conditions
is $
16.4 billion and its estimate to maintain user costs is
$
17.3 billion based on modeling used in the 1999 Conditions and
Performance Report (2000 dollars).28 The maintain current conditions scenario
estimates the investment requirements needed to maintain average pavement
condition. The maintain user costs scenario focuses on benefits to
highway users such as reductions in travel time costs, crashes,
and vehicle operating costs. Under the maintain user cost scenario, FHWA would
expect the effect on individual user costs to vary. For example, the 1999
Conditions and Performance Report explains that if about $
60
billion (2000 dollars) was spent on all
highways, travel times
should rise by 1.5 percent while vehicle operating costs would fall by 1.2
percent.
Spending on Interstates in 2000 fell below these estimates at
$
14.1 billion. This amount reflects investment by all levels of
government-- federal, state, and local. According to an FHWA official, however,
enhancements of the model used to estimate investment requirements might be
expected to increase the estimate to maintain user costs in the next Conditions
and Performance Report. For example, the model has been modified to consider the
effects of delay due to incidents such as crashes, making potential benefits
from capacity improvements more cost effective. This may raise the estimated
cost to maintain current user costs and current expenditures may be farther
behind cost to maintain current user costs.
In 2000, we reported on
FHWA's approach for estimating future Interstate and other
highway investment requirements and evaluated the model that
FHWA used to forecast investment requirements for pavement preservation and
capacity. We found that this model can be useful as a general guide for
assessing the relative investment requirements over time. Furthermore, we found
no other transportation model that could assess the benefits and costs of
alternative improvement options at the national level. However, we found that
the model does not fully account for uncertainties associated with its methods,
data, and assumptions. To help users understand the potential impact of these
uncertainties, FHWA provided sensitivity analyses to demonstrate how much model
estimates could change if the value of key inputs or assumptions were changed.
We did not evaluate the tools that FHWA used to forecast Interstate
needs for bridges, new construction, or transportation enhancements like safety,
traffic operations, and environmental improvements. These methods were not based
on benefit-cost analysis, and FHWA viewed them as less reliable than the
pavement preservation and
highway capacity model. Forecasts of
highway costs not estimated by FHWA's pavement preservation and
capacity model accounted for less than half of FHWA's 20-year Interstate needs
forecasts in its 1999 Conditions and Performance Report.
We recommended
that FHWA clarify, when presenting estimates from its pavement preservation and
highway capacity model, that there are uncertainties associated
with the estimates and refer readers to the sensitivity analyses that illustrate
these uncertainties. We also recommended that FHWA explain in its Conditions and
Performance Reports that one portion of each
highway investment
requirement is from the pavement preservation and
highway
capacity model and is based on benefit-cost analyses and that the other portion
was calculated using less reliable methods, as well as the percentage that each
of these portions constitutes of the overall estimate. The agency agreed with
these recommendations and, provided draft language they plan to include in the
2002 Conditions and Performance Report, which addresses our recommendations.
In addition to the revisions to the
highway
preservation and capacity model discussed earlier, FHWA took other steps to
improve the quality of its
highway investment needs forecasts.
For example
- FHWA is using a new model as the primary tool for
estimating future bridge preservation needs. According to FHWA, compared to its
previous model, this model has three advantages. It filters out improvements
that are not cost-beneficial; it is more accurate in determining the value of
routine bridge repair and rehabilitation; and, its estimates more closely
reflect state and local bridge management strategies.
- FHWA is directly
modeling new
highway and bridge construction needs by using the
highway preservation and capacity model. FHWA had previously
estimated new construction costs based on a fixed percentage of existing
highway needs forecast by the
highway and
bridge models.
Although Interstate
highways as a whole
are in good physical condition and are relatively safe when compared to other
classes of roads, Interstates will likely move an increasing amount of people
and freight in urban areas and throughout the country. The Interstate
highways will face increasing traffic and congestion, given the
comparatively small growth in lane miles. Therefore, federal, state, and local
government officials will face many challenges as they work to assure that the
Interstate component of the nation's transportation system continues to provide
efficient travel and remain in relatively good condition, given uncertain
economic conditions. In particular, these challenges include
- finding
effective methods of easing traffic congestion, particularly in urban areas;
- providing for efficient freight movement given increases in both
passenger and freight traffic; and
- responding to the effect of traffic
on roads and bridges given the continued aging of these structures and the
potential shortfall of funds to meet needs.
Mr. Chairman, this concludes
my prepared remarks. I would be happy to answer any questions you or other
Members of the Committee may have at this time.
LOAD-DATE: September 27, 2002