HR 4114 IH

To increase the United States financial and programmatic contributions to advancing the status of women and girls in low-income countries around the world, and for other purposes.

APRIL 9, 2002

Mrs. MORELLA (for herself and Mrs. LOWEY) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on International Relations, and in addition to the Committees on Ways and Means, and Financial Services, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned

To increase the United States financial and programmatic contributions to advancing the status of women and girls in low-income countries around the world, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS; FINDINGS AND DECLARATIONS OF POLICY; GENERAL PROVISIONS.

(a) SHORT TITLE- This Act may be cited as the `Global Action and Investments for New Success for Women and Girls Act of 2002' or `GAINS for Women and Girls Act of 2002'.

(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS- The table of contents of this Act is as follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents; findings and declarations of policy; general provisions.

TITLE I--INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT EFFECTIVENESS AND WOMEN

Sec. 101. Findings.

Sec. 102. Requirement to integrate women into United States international assistance programs.

Sec. 103. Annual report.

Sec. 104. Provisions relating to the Office of Women in Development (WID).

Sec. 105. Establishment of a supplemental fund for women in development activities.

Sec. 106. United States contribution to the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM).

Sec. 107. Coordinating council to promote the advancement of women and girls.

TITLE II--POVERTY REDUCTION AND WOMEN'S ECONOMIC EQUALITY

Sec. 201. Reducing women's poverty in developing countries.

Sec. 202. Supporting women's businesses through access to resources and financial markets.

Sec. 203. Improving the terms and conditions of women's work.

Sec. 204. Reviewing the impacts of trade liberalization on women and their communities.

TITLE III--QUALITY EDUCATION FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Sec. 301. Findings.

Sec. 302. Amendment to Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.

TITLE IV--LIFELONG HEALTH FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Sec. 401. Health of children.

Sec. 402. Family planning and reproductive health and rights.

Sec. 403. Maternal health programs.

Sec. 404. Preventing and treating HIV/AIDS.

Sec. 405. Prevention and treatment of tuberculosis.

Sec. 406. Addressing female genital mutilation.

TITLE V--WOMEN, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY

Sec. 501. Findings.

Sec. 502. Programs to assist women farmers.

Sec. 503. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).

TITLE VI--HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND GIRLS

Sec. 601. Strengthening the human rights of women and girls.

Sec. 602. Prevention of trafficking in women and children.

Sec. 603. Access for Afghan Women Act of 2002.

Sec. 604. Ratification of Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.

TITLE VII--VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

Sec. 701. Findings.

Sec. 702. United States international programs to prevent violence against women and girls.

Sec. 703. Report.

TITLE VIII--WOMEN, CONFLICTS, AND PEACE BUILDING

Sec. 801. Findings.

Sec. 802. United States international programs.

Sec. 803. Ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict.

TITLE IX--WOMEN'S LEADERSHIP AND PARTICIPATION

Sec. 901. Findings.

Sec. 902. United States international programs to increase women's leadership and participation.

Sec. 903. United States International Fund for Women's Leadership.

Sec. 904. International Museum of Women.

TITLE X--WOMEN AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Sec. 1001. Findings.

Sec. 1002. United States international environmental programs.

Sec. 1003. Negotiations of environmental treaties and protocols.

Sec. 1004. Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.

Sec. 1005. Global Environment Facility.

TITLE XI--AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS

Sec. 1101. Authorization of appropriations.

(c) FINDINGS AND DECLARATIONS OF POLICY- Congress makes the following findings and declarations of policy:

(1) Economic globalization is not reaching most of the world's poorest women, girls, and communities. United States international economic policies, particularly in the areas of business development, multilateral development banks, trade liberalization and debt relief for developing countries, should help create a positive environment for women's economic empowerment and equality between women and men.

(2) As the complexity of the global economy increases, so too does the important role of women. Women comprise approximately 75 percent of workers in the `shadow', or informal economy, and constitute an ever-greater share of the workforce in developing countries.

(3) Many studies have proven that international development investments in women and girls bring the greatest gains for economic growth and national development. When women increase their incomes they directly invest this additional capital in the education, health, and welfare of their children, breaking the cycle of poverty.

(4) The United States must substantially increase the amount of attention and resources it contributes to implement commitments made at the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995 and at the United Nations Special Assembly Session on Women in 2000 in its foreign policy, development assistance programs, and international economic policies.

(5) Just as women's lives cannot be compartmentalized, no one sectoral intervention is sufficient to create the environment in which women and girls can thrive economically and socially. Investments are necessary in many mutually supporting areas, including consideration for the different roles of women and men in all United States international policies and programs, economic development and poverty reduction activities for women, education and training, comprehensive health care, agricultural development, protection of women's human rights, violence prevention, leadership development, assistance to women in conflict situations, and environmental protection.

(d) GENERAL PROVISIONS- All programs, projects, activities, or actions contained in this Act, or any amendment made by this Act, shall comply with the following requirements:

(1) Collection and analysis of sex-disaggregated data for all program development, implementation, evaluation, and reporting activities.

(2) Extensive consultation with in-country organizations that work with target populations and directly with target populations before project design begins and throughout the project cycle.

(3) Coordination and delivery of assistance through locally-based nongovernmental organizations together with financial and technical support to build the capacity of these organizations to deliver effective programming.

(4) Coordination of activities with other bilateral, multilateral, nongovernmental, and private sector donors active in the relevant sector and country.

TITLE I--INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT EFFECTIVENESS AND WOMEN

SEC. 101. FINDINGS.

Congress finds the following:

(1) The most effective use of the United States development dollar is an investment in women and girls. Numerous studies show that programs to advance the health, education, economic opportunity, and social status of women directly lead to accelerated economic growth for developing and transitional country economies.

(2) Development programs and projects that take into account the different cultural roles of women and men during the design, implementation, and evaluation phases show far better results than programs or projects that do not consider these roles.

(3) For nearly 3 decades, the United States has been a leader in creating and supporting bilateral and multilateral women in development policies and programs. In 1974, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) established the Office of Women in Development (WID). This Office has served as a focal point for increasing the effectiveness of United States development efforts by taking gender issues into account throughout all phases of development planning, implementation, and evaluation.

(4) Women's equality is a core development issue that enhances United States global interests. Comprehensive policies and programs of the Office of Women in Development reflect the reality that women around the world play critical roles in economic growth and development, and their contributions reverberate from the global economy all the way down to the poorest households.

SEC. 102. REQUIREMENT TO INTEGRATE WOMEN INTO U.S. INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS.

(a) PART II OF FOREIGN ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1961- Section 113(a) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151k(a)) is amended by inserting after `this part' the following: `and part II of this Act (including chapter 4 of such part)'.

(b) Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989-

(1) IN GENERAL- The Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989 (22 U.S.C. 5401 et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 3 the following:

`SEC. 4. INTEGRATING WOMEN INTO NATIONAL ECONOMIES.

`In recognition of the fact that women in developing countries play a significant role in economic production, family support, and the overall development process of the national economies of such countries, this Act shall be administered so as to give particular attention to those programs, projects, and activities which integrate women into the national economies of developing countries, thus improving their status and assisting the total development effort.'.

(2) CONFORMING AMENDMENT- The table of contents of such Act (22 U.S.C. 5401(a) note) is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 3 the following:

Sec. 4. Integrating women into national economies.

(c) PUBLIC LAW 480- The Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 (7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 3 the following:

`SEC. 4. INTEGRATING WOMEN INTO NATIONAL ECONOMIES.

`In recognition of the fact that women in developing countries play a significant role in economic production, family support, and the overall development process of the national economies of such countries, this Act shall be administered so as to give particular attention to those programs, projects, and activities which integrate women into the national economies of developing countries, thus improving their status and assisting the total development effort.'.

SEC. 103. ANNUAL REPORT.

The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall prepare and submit to the

Congress an annual report on the extent to which the requirements contained in section 113(a) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, section 4 of the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989, and section 4 of the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 (each as added by section 102 of this Act) are being carried out.

SEC. 104. PROVISIONS RELATING TO THE OFFICE OF WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT (WID).

Not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall carry out the following:

(1) Appoint a head of the Office of Women in Development at the Deputy Assistant Administrator level or higher.

(2) Establish a working group within the Office consisting of Deputy Assistant Administrators of the Agency. Members of the working group shall meet on a routine basis to monitor and assist with the ongoing implementation of and compliance with gender integration policies and programs of the Agency and with all provisions contained in title I of this Act.

SEC. 105. ESTABLISHMENT OF A SUPPLEMENTAL FUND FOR WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES.

The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall establish a supplemental fund within the Office of Women in Development at the Agency to provide matching funds to missions of the Agency or to specific projects for the purposes of incorporating the different roles of women and men into program design, implementation, and evaluation and to implement activities to promote the advancement of women and girls. Matching funds shall be granted with the approval of the Deputy Assistant Administrator for Women in Development.

SEC. 106. UNITED STATES CONTRIBUTION TO THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT FUND FOR WOMEN (UNIFEM).

The President is authorized to make a voluntary contribution on a grant basis to the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM).

SEC. 107. COORDINATING COUNCIL TO PROMOTE THE ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN AND GIRLS.

(a) ESTABLISHMENT- The President is authorized to establish a coordinating council to promote the advancement of women and girls in the programs and policies of all Federal agencies and departments and for providing a means for nongovernmental organizations to work in partnership with the Federal government on areas of mutual concern.

(b) COMPOSITION- The council shall be comprised of representatives of each Federal agency or department at the Deputy Assistant Secretary or Deputy Assistant Administrator level or higher and chaired by a Cabinet-level Secretary.

(c) LOCATION AND STAFFING- It is the sense of Congress that--

(1) the council should be placed within the Office of the President;

(2) the full-time staff director of the council should be a high-level appointee who has credibility both within the United States Government and within the community of women's and nongovernmental organizations; and

(3) should be supported by sufficient staff and resources to carry out this section.

TITLE II--POVERTY REDUCTION AND WOMEN'S ECONOMIC EQUALITY

SEC. 201. REDUCING WOMEN'S POVERTY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.

(a) FINDINGS AND DECLARATIONS OF POLICY- Congress makes the following findings and declarations of policy:

(1) More than 1,000,000,000 people in the world today, the great majority of whom are women, live in unacceptable conditions of poverty, mostly in developing nations. Poverty is a complex, multidimensional problem, with origins in both the national and international domains.

(2) Income inequality is growing in many countries around the world. Gaps between rich and poor men and rich and poor women have also widened.

(3) The globalization of the world's economy and the deepening interdependence among nations present challenges and opportunities for sustained economic growth and poverty elimination.

(4) The international community has reached consensus on a set of goals to promote human development in the 21st century. The United States must now act on these goals and fulfill its commitments by increasing its official development assistance contribution from 0.03 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to 0.07 percent of GDP.

(5) The availability of basic services such as education, health care, and water are crucial for the survival of poor women and their families and important prerequisites for assisting women in leaving poverty behind.

(6) While the intentions behind the privatization of education, health care, and water may be fiscally sound, privatization can close access for the poor to these essential services if it is not implemented with specific safeguards, monitoring, and accountability mechanisms designed to protect the poor.

(b) DEVELOPMENT OF POVERTY INDICATORS-

(1) SUPPORT FOR UNITED NATIONS- The Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Bureau of the Census, and the Secretary of Labor, acting through the Bureau of Labor Statistics, shall provide financial, human resource, and other programmatic support to the United Nations Development Program and the United Nation's Statistical Office to work in collaboration with the World Bank to develop and agree upon standardized measurements of women's relative and absolute poverty.

(2) SUPPORT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES- The Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Bureau of the Census, and the Secretary of Labor, acting through the Bureau of Labor Statistics, shall provide financial support and training to statistical agencies within developing countries to help build the capacity of these countries to collect, analyze, and use gender-disaggregated poverty indicators for policy-making, economic and social program development, and service delivery.

(c) MONITORING AND ACCOUNTABILITY FOR REDUCING WOMEN'S POVERTY BY HALF BY 2015-

(1) IN GENERAL- Of the amount made available from the supplemental fund pursuant to section 105 of this Act for a fiscal year, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development is authorized to use up to $1,000,000 of such amount to establish baseline data and monitor progress toward the goal of reducing the poverty of women by half by 2015.

(2) REPORTS- The Administrator shall, as part of the annual congressional presentation documents of the Agency, submit to Congress a report

that contains a description of the progress toward the goal referred to in paragraph (1), including a description of not only the relevant activities implemented, but also on the overall impact on reduction of indicators of women's poverty as developed and agreed upon pursuant to subsection (b)(1).

(d) REMOVING LEGAL AND STRUCTURAL BARRIERS TO REDUCING WOMEN'S POVERTY-

(1) IN GENERAL- The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, working closely with the Deputy Assistant Administrator for Women in Development, shall conduct an analysis of legal and structural barriers to reducing women's poverty in developing countries in which the Agency is conducting programs. Such barriers, for example, may include laws that bar or discourage women's ownership of assets such as land, property, financial resources, and other related barriers.

(2) NEW ACTIVITIES- Based on the results of the analysis under paragraph (1), the Administrator shall institute new activities to assist developing countries in removing barriers referred to in paragraph (1).

(3) FUNDING- Of the amount made available from the supplemental fund pursuant to section 105 of this Act for a fiscal year, the Administrator is authorized to use up to $1,000,000 of such amount to carry out this subsection.

(e) DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS IN DEVELOPING AND TRANSITIONAL COUNTRIES-

(1) IN GENERAL- The Secretary of the Treasury shall encourage governments of developing and transitional economy countries to develop and implement social insurance programs as part of their poverty alleviation and national development strategies. At a minimum, the Secretary shall ensure that actions and policies of the Department of the Treasury do not hinder the abilities of such governments to provide social insurance programs for their citizens, pursue national employment goals, and implement programs to stimulate demand for labor.

(2) MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS- The Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the United States executive director to each multilateral development bank to use the voice, vote, and influence of the United States--

(A) to vote against any loan or project that will negatively impact the ability of a government of a developing or transitional economy country to provide social insurance programs for its citizens, pursue national employment goals, or implement programs to stimulate demand for labor; and

(B) to vote against any loan or project in countries receiving loans from the International Development Association or participating in the program for heavily indebted poor countries that includes user fees or other cost recovery mechanisms that do not include safeguards to ensure that such fees do not adversely impact the poor or reduce access to basic services such as health care, education, water, and electricity.

(f) UTILIZING DEBT RELIEF PROGRAMS TO REDUCE WOMEN'S POVERTY-

(1) REPORT- Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of the Treasury shall submit to Congress a report on debt relief programs led by, or coordinated with, international financial institutions, including the extent to which poor countries and the poorest of the poor, especially women and girls, benefit from debt relief, including measurable evidence of any such benefits.

(2) ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENT- The Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the United States Executive Directors at the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Monetary Fund to use the voice, vote, and influence of the United States to ensure that the savings from debt cancellation are used for poverty reduction programs in a process that is fair and transparent, and that includes the participation of national governments, parliamentary bodies, nongovernmental organizations, including women's organizations, and other civil society institutions.

(g) DEFINITIONS- In this section:

(1) INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION- The term `international financial institution' means the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Development Association, the International Finance Corporation, the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, the International Monetary Fund, the Asian Development Bank, the African Development Bank, the African Development Fund, the Inter-American Investment Corporation, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

(2) SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS- The term `social insurance programs' means all forms of public insurance that mitigate against declines in income or against a particular risk, such as unemployment, disability, or old age.

(3) USER FEES- The term `user fees' means fees applied to services or utilities designed to recover full or partial costs of services.

SEC. 202. SUPPORTING WOMEN'S BUSINESSES THROUGH ACCESS TO RESOURCES AND FINANCIAL MARKETS

(a) FINDINGS- Congress makes the following findings:

(1) Many poor entrepreneurs are trapped in poverty because they cannot obtain credit at reasonable rates to expand their otherwise viable self-employment activities. Women in particular have difficultly accessing credit because many countries bar women from legally owning assets that they can offer as collateral.

(2) Microenterprise plays a vital role in the efforts of the United States to lead the development of a new global financial architecture. Recent shocks

to international financial markets demonstrate how the financial sector can shape national development and impact poverty. Microfinance is also a powerful tool for building a more inclusive financial sector serving the broad majority of the world's population, including poor women, generating social stability and prosperity.

(3) Beyond microenterprise, women are generating the most growth in the small- and medium-sized business sector in developing and transitional economies. Around the world, women's small- and medium-sized businesses represent one-quarter to one-third of all businesses. New jobs generated through this sector can play an important role in providing gainful, safe, and dignified employment to the poor.

(4) Information technology is an important tool for furthering women's economic advancement. For example, information technology can help women gain market information in order to sell their goods at a fair price and to expand their market participation. In many developing countries less than 1 percent of the population has access to information technology--either male or female. High rates of illiteracy among poor women represent a major barrier to women's use of information technology.

(b) Amendments to Foreign Assistance Act of 1961-

(1) MICRO- AND SMALL ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT CREDITS- Section 108 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 is amended--

(A) in subsection (b)(3), by inserting after `training programs for microentrepreneurs' the following: `, with an emphasis on women,'; and

(B) by adding at the end the following:

`(g) REPORTING REQUIREMENT- The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall, as part of the annual congressional presentation documents of the Agency, submit to Congress a report that contains--

`(1) indicators on the number of women living below the national poverty line that have secured loans or received training through the programs described in this Act; and

`(2) the percentage of women borrowers in programs funded by the Agency, the percentage of total loan funds received by women borrowers, and the impact of such loans on the economic status of such women.'.

(2) MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT GRANT ASSISTANCE- Section 131 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 is amended--

(A) in subsection (b)(1)(D), by inserting at the end before the period the following: `, including programs to eliminate legal and institutional barriers to women's ownership of assets, access to credit, and engagement in business activities within or outside of the home';

(B) in subsection (b)(2)(C), by inserting at the end before the period the following: `, including women's organizations';

(C) in subsection (b)(3), in the first sentence, by striking `as established by the national government of the country'; and

(D) in subsection (c), by adding at the end the following: `All goals, reports, analyses and recommendations required by this section shall be disaggregated by sex.'.

(c) SUPPORT FOR WOMEN'S SMALL- AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESSES-

(1) USAID- The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, working closely with the Deputy Assistant Administrator for Women in Development, shall incorporate the following activities into existing and future programs of the Agency to promote small businesses and medium-sized businesses in developing countries:

(A) Work with developing country governments to enhance or create laws, regulations, and other practices that promote the growth of banking and financial services for small businesses and medium-sized businesses, and to eliminate or reduce regulatory barriers that may exist in this regard. In particular, promote specific policy or regulatory measures that increase access to these services for women-owned small businesses and medium-sized businesses.

(B) Strongly encourage developing country governments to reduce corruption at the national, regional, and local levels, which women's businesses report as one of the leading barriers to their growth.

(C) Promote access to information technology (IT) with training in IT for women-owned small businesses and medium-sized businesses.

(D) Provide training, through local associations of women-owned businesses and government programs, in financial and personnel management, international trade, business planning, marketing, and policy advocacy.

(E) Provide resources to establish and enhance local, national, and international networks and associations of women-owned small businesses and medium-sized businesses.

(2) DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE- The Secretary of Commerce shall encourage United States business participants on trade missions to developing and transitional countries to meet with women-owned small businesses and medium-sized businesses in such countries.

(d) ACCESS TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) AND TRAINING- The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, working closely with the Deputy Assistant Administrator for Women in Development, shall incorporate the following activities into existing and future information technology programs of the Agency:

(1) Assist and encourage developing countries to include gender analysis and activities to promote the use of information technology among women in their national information technology policies.

(2) Assist developing countries in building infrastructure in wireless and commercial satellite communications, particularly for rural and peri-urban areas.

(3) Include the use of information technology in programs in basic education and literacy training.

(4) Develop programs to increase the number of girls and women studying information technology-related subjects.

(5) Provide assistance to nongovernmental organizations working with poor women to deliver information technology hardware and training to their beneficiaries.

(e) DEFINITIONS- In this title:

(1) MICROCREDIT PROGRAM- The term `microcredit program' means a program that provides small loans and other financial services such as savings to very poor microentrepreneurs.

(2) MICROENTERPRISE- The term `microenterprise' means a business with 10 or fewer employees from among individuals who are poor or disadvantaged.

(3) SMALL BUSINESS- The term `small business' means a business enterprise with approximately 10 to 100 employees.

SEC. 203. IMPROVING THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF WOMEN'S WORK.

(a) FINDINGS AND DECLARATIONS OF POLICY- Congress makes the following findings and declarations of policy:

(1) Women work for pay in two primary and overlapping fields of activity--the formal sector (that set of activities in private or publicly owned enterprise or in the civil service which conform generally to tax and labor laws and other state regulations) and the informal sector (that set of economic activities characterized by relative ease of entry, reliance on indigenous resources, family ownership, small scale of operations, labor intensity, and unregulated markets).

(2) Once expected to dwindle with economic growth, the informal sector today provides the majority of employment in many developing countries. In Africa, this sector creates 93 percent of new jobs in the economy and as much as 80 percent of non-agricultural employment is in the informal sector.

(3) Street vending is a global phenomenon. In cities and towns throughout the world millions of people earn their living by selling a wide range of goods and services on the streets. Despite a general belief that street vending recedes as economies develop and incomes rise, it is actually on the increase in many places. Street vendors represent a significant share of the urban informal sector. In many parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America women represent a majority of these vendors.

(4) Home-based work (work carried out by a person (A) in his or her home or in other premises of his or her own choice, other than the workplace of the employer, (B) for remuneration, and (C) which results in a product or service as specified by the employer, irrespective of who provides the equipment, materials or other inputs used, unless this person has degree of autonomy and of economic independence necessary to be considered an independent worker under national laws, regulations or court decisions) is growing in developing countries. Homeworkers are a major part of the workforce in the garment, leather, footwear, carpet, and electronics industries. Increasing numbers of homeworkers work in computer-based services.

(5) Women also spend considerable time in work that is not paid, such as childcare, cooking, cleaning, sewing, subsistence agriculture, or contributing to a family enterprise. If the unpaid invisible work by women were fully taken into account in labor statistics, their levels of economic activity would increase from 10 percent to 20 percent. Global estimates suggest that women's unpaid work produces an output of $11,000,000,000,000, compared to a global GDP of about $23,000,000,000,000. Without an adequate assessment of this unpaid work, it is impossible to measure the transfer of state-supported or provided services to women's unpaid labor (for example, health care shifted from public services to in-home care provided by women) as governments cut or privatize social services.

(b) IMPROVING WOMEN'S WORK- The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, working closely with the Deputy Assistant Administrator for Women in Development, shall provide technical assistance to developing countries to design and implement laws, regulations, and programs to promote child care, access to social security and unemployment insurance, parental leave, minimum wages, occupational health and safety, freedom of association and collective bargaining, and non-discrimination in employment and remuneration. Technical assistance and programs shall also be provided to eliminate the use of child or forced labor.

(c) IMPROVING WOMEN'S WORK IN THE FORMAL SECTOR- The Board of Directors of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation and the Board of Directors of the Export-Import Bank of the United States shall encourage United States businesses that receive support from the Corporation or the Bank for activities in developing or transitional economies to comply with the Social Accountability 8000 voluntary standards for corporations developed by Social Accountability International.

(d) IMPROVING WOMEN'S WORK IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR-

(1) DECLARATION OF SUPPORT- Congress expresses its support for the International Labor Organization Home Work Convention (177) and urges the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate to hold hearings on the convention and submit the convention to the full floor of the Senate for a vote on advice and consent to ratification.

(2) SUPPORT BY USAID- The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall carry out the following:

(A) Provide support to the United Nations Statistical Office to develop a framework for the inclusion of informal sector employment into the System of National Accounts (SNA) which provides the basic framework for defining what constitutes production and economic activity and methods for assessing the value of production in the economic sectors. Such support shall include the development of improved guidelines on how to determine the value of production for the informal sector in relation to total production.

(B) Provide support to the International Labor Organization to improve collection of data on the informal sector in labor force statistics and coordinate activities with international agencies and networks such as the United Nations Development Program's project on `Engendering Labor Force Statistics'.

(C) Make use of such improved information in national income accounts and labor forces statistics for the formulation of development assistance policies and programs.

(f) EFFORTS TO MEASURE UNREMUNERATED WORK-

(1) IN GENERAL- The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, in conjunction with the Secretary of State, shall support, on a financial and programmatic basis, the efforts of the United Nations Statistical Office to produce measurements on unremunerated

work and the reporting of this work in satellite accounts. This data shall be used to monitor and evaluate United States international poverty reduction programs and in reviewing the impacts of trade liberalization on women as required by section 204 of this Act.

(2) DEFINITION- In this subsection, the term `satellite accounts' means accounts that provide measurements of non-monetized productive activities and are designed to be used in conjunction with national income product accounts measures, as established by the United Nations Convention on National Accounts.

SEC. 204. REVIEWING THE IMPACTS OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION ON WOMEN AND THEIR COMMUNITIES.

(a) SHORT TITLE- This section may be cited as the `Women and International Trade Act of 2001'.

(b) FINDINGS- Congress makes the following findings:

(1) The various forces of globalization have brought enormous wealth to some, but have also increased economic inequality within and between nations.

(2) Trade liberalization can open new employment to women, while eliminating employment for others. Trade adjustment assistance is an appropriate and effective tool in assisting those who are displaced in finding new employment.

(3) Women contribute to and are affected by trade liberalization as workers, businesswomen, farmers, producers, and consumers.

(4) United States international trade, social development, and international development policy should be linked with the goal of improving women's social and economic status in the United States and abroad.

(5) Enhancing women's status not only improves individual lives, but also eliminates market inefficiencies and leads to greater economic growth and trade.

(c) AVAILABILITY OF UNITED STATES MARKET TO HIPC COUNTRY PRODUCTS- The United States Trade Representative shall take appropriate steps to open the United States market to products that countries participating in the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries program have the ability to export, particularly in the agricultural sector.

(d) ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR TRADE, GENDER, AND DEVELOPMENT POLICY-

(1) ESTABLISHMENT- The United States Trade Representative, pursuant to section 135(c)(2) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2155(c)(2), shall establish within the Office of the United States Trade Representative a Trade, Gender, and Development Policy Advisory Committee (hereafter in this section referred to as the `Advisory Committee') to provide policy advice on issues involving trade, gender, and international development.

(2) MEMBERSHIP-

(A) NUMBER AND APPOINTMENT- The Advisory Committee shall be composed of not more than 35 members, appointed by the Trade Representative, who shall include, but not be limited to, representatives from women's interest groups, private voluntary organizations, international aid organizations, and appropriate representatives from Federal departments and agencies. The membership of the Advisory Committee shall be broadly representative of key sectors and groups of the economy with an interest in trade, gender, and international development policy issues.

(B) TERM- Members of the Advisory Committee shall be appointed for a term of 2 years and may be reappointed for additional terms.

(C) POLITICAL AFFILIATION- Members may be appointed the Advisory Committee without regard to political affiliation.

(D) VACANCY- A vacancy in the Advisory Committee shall be filled in the manner in which the original appointment was made.

(E) CHAIRPERSON- The Chairperson of the Advisory Committee shall be designated by the Trade Representative at the time of appointment.

(3) DESIGNEES- The Trade Representative may request one or more members of the Advisory Committee to designate a staff-level representative for discussions of technical issues related to trade and environmental policy.

(4) DUTIES- The Advisory Committee--

(A) shall assess the impact of all current and future United States bilateral and multilateral trade agreements on women in accordance with such section; and

(B) shall make recommendations to the Trade Representative based upon assessments made pursuant to subparagraph (A).

(e) REVIEW OF UNITED STATES TRADE AGREEMENTS-

(1) REVIEW- The United States Trade Representative, the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Secretary of State, and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, in conjunction with the Advisory Committee for Trade, Gender, and Development Policy (established under subsection (d)) and interested nongovernmental organizations, shall carry out a review of--

(A) the impact of each United States bilateral and multilateral trade agreement on areas important to the well-being of women, men, and their communities in both the United States and in developing and transitional countries that receive assistance from the United States government, including areas of employment, wages and earnings, working conditions, occupational health and safety, access to social services such as education and health care, access to basic services such as water and electricity, and other areas as recommended by the Advisory Committee; and

(B) the coherence between United States goals for sustainable economic, environmental, and social development and United States trade policies carried out by the Office of the United States Trade Representative, including the extent to which issues relating to gender are integrated into United States negotiation positions relating to trade agreements.

(2) REPORTS-

(A) FOR FUTURE TRADE AGREEMENTS- Not later than 90 days after the date on which the United States Trade Representative submits formal proposals for negotiation with other parties to a trade agreement, the individuals and entities referred to in paragraph (1) shall prepare and submit to Congress a report that contains--

(i) the results of the review conducted pursuant to paragraph (1) with respect to the trade agreement under negotiation; and

(ii) recommendations for changes in United States trade negotiating proposals, trade adjustment assistance programs in the United States, and international development assistance programs to ensure that women in particular can take advantage of new opportunities created by United States trade agreements and to respond to the needs of persons who may be adversely affected.

(B) CURRENT TRADE AGREEMENTS- Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the individuals and entities referred to in paragraph (1) shall prepare and submit to Congress a report that contains--

(i) the results of the review conducted pursuant to subsection (a) with respect to trade agreements in effect as of the date of the enactment of this Act; and

(ii) recommendations for changes in United States trade negotiating proposals, trade adjustment assistance programs in the United States, and international development assistance programs to ensure that women in particular can take advantage of new opportunities created by United States trade agreements and to respond to the needs of persons who may be adversely affected.

TITLE III--QUALITY EDUCATION FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

SEC. 301. FINDINGS.

Congress makes the following findings:

(1) Investing in girls' education is one of the most effective means of promoting economic growth and poverty reduction. Educating girls has a significant impact on long-term development objectives, and has been proven to result in reduced family size, reduced rates of infant and maternal mortality, increased wages, improved family health, and improved educational status for the next generation.

(2) Girls account for two-thirds of the 125,000,000 children not in primary schools and millions of girls suffer in poor learning environments that enforce gender stereotypes. Girls are less likely to complete school than are boys and the mean achievement level of girls is 40 percent lower than that of boys.

(3) Countries affected by HIV/AIDS have lost a large proportion of primary and secondary school teachers. Training of new teachers is a critical need in order to maintain and increase primary school enrollment and completion.

(4) Access to education is the most critical prerequisite to the participation of women and girls in the global economy. United States investments in education and training in the new century must provide the required skills for an increasingly knowledge-intensive and global economy. In particular, women and girls need access to and skills in information technologies.

SEC. 302. AMENDMENT TO FOREIGN ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1961.

Section 105 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151c) is amended by adding at the end the following:

`(c)(1) Congress reaffirms the goals established by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the United Nations of achieving global gender equity in education by 2005 and achieving universal access to basic education by 2015.

`(2) Assistance provided under this section shall be used to support activities that promote gender equity and increased access to quality education for girls and women in developing and transitional countries. Such activities may include, but are not limited to--

`(A) support for policy reform, such as encouraging governments to locate schools closer to communities, provide appropriate facilities for girls, reduce the cost of schooling, and recruit female teachers;

`(B) assistance to mobilize communities to promote girls' education and participate in decision-making relating to schooling;

`(C) training of teachers, including training in gender-equitable teaching methods;

`(D) support for the development of curriculum free from gender bias;

`(E) literacy programs for adult women;

`(F) support for increased access of women and girls to information technologies and training;

`(G) projects to increase women's participation in secondary, technical, and higher education; and

`(H) assessment of the risks of school-based violence and incorporation of specific measures to prevent such violence and to ensure prosecution of individuals responsible for such violence.'.

TITLE IV--LIFELONG HEALTH FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

SEC. 401. HEALTH OF CHILDREN.

(a) FINDINGS- Congress makes the following findings:

(1) Health-related discrimination against girls and women occurs throughout their life-span. It includes prenatal sex selection, female infanticide, and preference for sons with respect to nutrition and medical care.

(2) Girls are also subject to harmful traditional practices such as violence and female genital mutilation. Physical, sexual, and psychological abuse that is present in all cultures and countries affects far more girls than boys.

(3) Poverty and war together have led to severe health consequences for children. More than 10,000,000 children will die before their fifth birthday of preventable causes in developing countries, including pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, malnutrition, and measles. These diseases kill a child every 5 seconds.

(4) With additional resources, it is estimated that 15,000,000 additional children could be saved by 2010 through increased child immunization rates.

(5) Child labor, increasing in the global economy, has also directly affected the health of children. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), approximately 250,000,000 children between the ages of 5 and 14 work in developing countries

and some 50,000,000 to 60,000,000 children between the ages of 5 and 11 work in hazardous circumstances. Two-thirds of these children are girls.

(b) CHILD SURVIVAL PROGRAMS-

(1) IN GENERAL- The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall establish and carry out programs to provide child survival assistance to individuals in need in developing countries.

(2) PROGRAM ACTIVITIES- Programs established pursuant to paragraph (1) shall include the following activities:

(A) Programs to end discrimination against girls with respect to access to nutrition and health care, including access by children under the age of 5 to essential nutrients, such as vitamin A, diagnosing, treating, and preventing the most common life-threatening childhood diseases, such as malaria, measles, diarrhea and pneumonia, reducing hunger and malnutrition, and increasing support and funding for the health needs of the millions of children that are being orphaned and affected by HIV/AIDS.

(B) Support for women's nongovernmental organizations that seek to improve the health of girls through education, advocacy, and services.

(C) Support for nongovernmental organizations that directly address, treat, and work to eliminate all forms of abuse and neglect of children.

(D) Recognition, through integrated programming in education and economic growth, that children's health cannot be isolated from broader structural and institutional issues of gender inequality in the access to economic resources, education, and power.

(E) Programs to enhance the health, including the reproductive and sexual health, of adolescents, especially girls.

SEC. 402. FAMILY PLANNING AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND RIGHTS.

(a) FINDINGS- Congress finds the following:

(1) Hundreds of millions of women lack access to comprehensive reproductive health care services, including family planning services, which are basic elements of women's reproductive health and rights. The low status of women in many societies is a factor that perpetuates patterns of early and frequent childbearing and is often an obstacle to women's use of existing health care services. Population planning assistance programs should provide comprehensive reproductive health care, including family planning services that respect and promote women's reproductive rights, privacy, and empowerment.

(2) Key elements of a comprehensive approach to reproductive health and rights include the confidential provision of a full range of family planning and services, reproductive health and sexuality education, prenatal and delivery care, including emergency obstetrical care, prevention of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmissible infections (STIs), access to treatment for the complications of unsafe abortion, and access to safe abortion services where legal, and, age-appropriate confidential reproductive health care and education for adolescents.

(3) By signing the agreements of the United Nations International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo (ICPD), the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing (FWCW), and the 5-year reviews, the United States Government declared that it would, among other things--

(A) promote women's empowerment and gender equality;

(B) focus on the needs and rights of women and men;

(C) promote a comprehensive reproductive health and rights approach; and

(D) involve women in leadership, planning, decision-making, implementation, and evaluation of United States international family planning programs.

(4) Women's economic participation and reproductive rights and health are inextricably linked. Increases in women's labor force participation raises demand for safe and voluntary reproductive health care, including family planning services, which in turn enable women to control their own health and fertility and their ability to work. Lack of comprehensive reproductive health care severely limits women's ability to gain from new opportunities resulting from the increasingly globalized economy.

(b) ASSISTANCE FOR FOREIGN NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS UNDER PART I OF THE FOREIGN ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1961- Notwithstanding any other provision of law, regulation, or policy, in determining eligibility for assistance authorized under part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), foreign nongovernmental organizations--

(1) shall not be ineligible for such assistance solely on the basis of health or medical services, including counseling and referral services, provided by such organizations with non-United States Government funds if such services do not violate the laws of the country in which they are being provided and would not violate United States Federal law if provided in the United States; and

(2) shall not be subject to requirements relating to the use of non-United States Government funds for advocacy and lobbying activities other than those that apply to United States nongovernmental organizations receiving assistance under part I of such Act.

(c) UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS- United States international programs administered by the United States Agency for International Development, the Department of State, and other appropriate Federal departments and agencies shall incorporate the following:

(1) A human rights, including reproductive rights, approach as embodied in the United States commitments in the agreements at the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women (FWCW), and the 5-year reviews of promoting women's equality, empowerment, and rights.

(2) Design of monitoring, evaluation, and measurement of results based on local contexts and, in particular, measurements that prioritize the quality of services.

(3) Design and implementation of, in cooperation with women and community-based organizations, gender-sensitive reproductive health and family planning programs that address the needs of women throughout their lives and take into account their multiple roles and responsibilities, the demands on their time, the special needs of rural women and women with disabilities and the diversity of women's needs arising from age and socio-economic and cultural differences, among others.

(4) Information, education, and communication programs to promote the use of the female condom.

(d) FUNDING FOR THE UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND (UNFPA)-

(1) STATEMENT OF POLICY- Congress recognizes the effectiveness of multilateral agencies that deliver family planning services.

(2) FUNDING- Of the amount appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations

under section 1101 of this Act for fiscal year 2003, $35,000,000 is authorized to be available for the United States voluntary contribution to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Amounts made available under the preceding sentence are in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes.

SEC. 403. MATERNAL HEALTH PROGRAMS.

(a) FINDINGS- Congress makes the following findings:

(1) Approximately 600,000 women die each year due to complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and unsafe abortion. Of these mostly preventable deaths, more than 95 percent occur in developing countries.

(2) Access to comprehensive maternal health care, including quality pre-natal care and nutritional supplements (for example, foliates), screening for pregnancy-related diseases, basic fetal health tests, immunizations (for example, tetanus), access to treatment for the complications of unsafe abortion, access to safe abortion services where legal, and preparation for safe birth (including safe delivery kits where needed) are necessary for the health of women and children. Post-natal care includes follow-up services to ensure that women recover from birth without hemorrhaging or infection and that newborns develop adequately.

(3) When women cannot work because of health problems, the loss of their income, as well as the costs of treatment, can drive them and their families into debt. In India, a study found that disability reduced the productivity of the female labor force by about 20 percent.

(b) MATERNAL HEALTH PROGRAMS-

(1) IN GENERAL- The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall establish and carry out programs to provide maternal health assistance to individuals in need in developing countries.

(2) CONDUCT OF PROGRAMS- In carrying out the programs pursuant to paragraph (1), the Administrator shall include programs that improve maternal health to protect the outcome of pregnancy, neonatal and young infants and save the lives of mothers by improving maternal nutrition, promoting birth preparedness, improving safe delivery and postpartum care, and managing and treating life-threatening complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Maternal health programs may also include interventions to protect women from violence and ensure that women can exercise their reproductive rights without coercion.

SEC. 404. PREVENTING AND TREATING HIV/AIDS.

(a) FINDINGS- Congress finds the following:

(1) World leaders have acknowledged that the devastating scale of the HIV/AIDS pandemic constitutes a global emergency and that new, additional, and sustained resources are necessary to meet the challenge of providing an integrated approach of prevention, care, support, treatment, and research.

(2) The United States and other donor countries must be at the forefront in leading and mobilizing the level of resources required--between $7,000,000,000 and $10,000,000,000--by 2005 in low- and middle-income countries and those countries experiencing rapid expansion of HIV infections.

(3) HIV disproportionately affects women and girls. The rate of increase of new HIV infections is rising most rapidly among women and young girls, particularly in societies throughout Africa and Asia plagued by poverty and high levels of gender inequality. Women account for more than half of the deaths from AIDS since the beginning of the epidemic. Of the 34,700,000 adults currently living with HIV/AIDS, 16,400,000 are women. There are 1,400,000 children under the age of 15 living with HIV/AIDS, 90 percent of whom were infected through transmission from their mother.

(4) Rates of transmission of other sexually transmitted infections, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and human papillomavirus also are high and increasing in some countries of the world. While not always life-threatening, such diseases entail enormous health, social, and economic costs. Many of these diseases increase the risk of transmission of HIV from one partner to another. Women generally have less access to information and services for the prevention and treatment of common sexually transmitted infections and therefore suffer disproportionately from common sexually transmitted infections as well.

(5) Differences in the roles and rights of men and women in developing countries negatively impact women and girls thereby increasing their vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS. For example, gender norms that restrict women's access to productive resources such as education, land, income, and credit, create an unequal balance of power in society that favors men and greatly compromises women's ability to protect themselves against infection, cope with illness once infected, or care for those who are infected. Successful programming takes into account gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls through the use of special measures.

(6) Two key factors that dramatically increase women's vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections and HIV infection are their lack of economic opportunities and options and the widespread incidence of violence against women.

(7) Adolescent girls are among the most vulnerable to HIV infection, but have relatively low access to information on sexually transmitted infections. The causes of their vulnerability are social, economic, and physiological. Widespread violence against adolescent girls, including in schools, is also an important factor contributing to high rates of infection. One of the most profound ways in which adolescent girls are put in jeopardy of contracting HIV infection is through their increased risk to be raped or through sexual coercion.-

(8) Culturally defined expectations about acceptable roles and behaviors of men and women are important factors contributing to the spread of HIV/AIDS. The notion that sexual domination over women is the defining characteristic of male sexuality exposes women to the risk of physical and sexual violence.

(9) Studies and field evaluations show that interventions that directly address gender inequality--through communication and education strategies, economic empowerment, changes in social norms, and efforts to enhance women's ability to negotiate safe sex, among other things--are among the most effective strategies in preventing transmission of sexually transmitted infections and HIV among women and girls, and improving the health and well-being of families overall. Yet most large-scale programs funded by governments and donor agencies as yet largely ignore the gender dimensions of the HIV epidemic, thereby limiting their own success.

(10)(A) Substantial evidence from a number of countries worldwide now exists to show that female condoms are an effective tool for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections and HIV, are acceptable to a large share of those at risk of infection, and offer increased levels of protection when introduced as part of a program that emphasizes education and negotiation skills.

(B) Female condoms are the only female-initiated and approved method available on the market today. Moreover, female condoms offer `dual protection' from both unwanted pregnancy and infection simultaneously. Access to the female condom is limited in most countries worldwide, however, due to a lack of investment in the purchasing, distribution, and programs needed to support introduction and sustained use, and bias in favor of the male condom. The United States Government must take the lead on expanding access to the female condom to save millions of lives today.

(11) Since the early 1990's, topical microbicides have attracted scientific attention as a possible new technology for preventing sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV. For individuals needing to use them without partner knowledge or consent, safe, effective, acceptable, and affordable topical microbicides could be formulated to be undetectable. Investment in topical microbicides is critical for the future, while sustained investments in female condoms are required for the present.

(b) ACTIONS RELATING TO HIV/AIDS PROTECTION FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS-

(1) ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN- The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, acting through the Director of the Office of HIV/AIDS and the Director of the Office on Women in Development of the Agency for International Development, shall develop and integrate into the HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and treatment programs of the Agency for International Development specific initiatives to improve women's economic status, including opportunities in both the formal and informal economy, and improve access to credit, land, technical assistance, and productive resources. A focus on addressing the economic needs and improving economic opportunities and vocational and life skills of adolescent girls shall be included in these efforts.

(2) CREATING GENDER-SENSITIVE STI AND HIV PREVENTION PROGRAMS- The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, acting through the Director of the Office of HIV/AIDS of the Agency for International Development, shall ensure that all Agency-supported programs account for and respond to the gender dimensions of vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections and HIV in diverse contexts, ensuring that such programs address gender constraints through communication and education strategies aimed at changing social norms, informing women of their options, and providing them with the tools required to negotiate and practice safe sex, including access to vaginal microbicides.

(3) EXPANDING ACCESS TO AND USE OF MEANS OF PROTECTION- The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, acting through the Director of the Office of HIV/AIDS of the Agency for International Development, shall ensure that all Agency-supported programs evaluate their potential for developing gender-sensitive efforts to promote expanded use of both female and male condoms, and shall expend not less than $35,000,000 in 2003 and each succeeding year to procure and develop programs for the introduction and sustained use of female condoms.

(4) INTEGRATING HIV/AIDS PREVENTION WITH OTHER REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROGRAMS- The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, acting through the Director of the Office of HIV/AIDS and the Director of the Office on Population, Health, and Nutrition of the Agency for International Development, shall test models of programs that integrate prevention of sexually transmitted infections and HIV with other reproductive health services to identify approaches that promote dual protection from unintended pregnancy and infection. Particular attention should be given to integrating HIV/AIDS prevention into family planning, maternal and child health and primary care service programs, and to ensuring that health sector reform initiatives do not undermine HIV/AIDS programs.

(5) TRAINING OF USAID PERSONNEL- The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall ensure that program officers of the Agency posted to countries with HIV/AIDS prevalence rates of one percent or higher receive training on gender analysis related to country-specific HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and treatment issues.

(6) DEVELOPMENT OF TOPICAL MICROBICIDES FOR PREVENTING TRANSMISSION OF HIV AND OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES-

(A) COORDINATION WITH OTHER INSTITUTES- The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall coordinate activities to research and promote the use of microbicides for the prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases with appropriate institutes, including the National Institute of Health, to the extent such institutes have responsibilities that are related to the development of microbicides and their distribution in the developing world.

(B) PROGRAM FOR MICROBICIDE DEVELOPMENT- The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall establish a program to support research to use microbicides to substantially reduce transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases in developing countries. Activities under such program shall provide for an expansion and intensification of the conduct and support of--

(i) development of formulation and delivery approaches appropriate for developing countries;

(ii) research on designs of microbicides targeted for use in developing countries;

(iii) conduct of HIV incidence and microbicide feasibility studies with

attention to the needs of developing countries; and

(iv) behavioral research on use, acceptability, and adherence to microbicides in developing countries.

(C) GRANTS FOR MICROBICIDE RESEARCH- In order to contribute to the rapid evaluation of safe and effective microbicides for the prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases, the Administrator may, in carrying out subparagraph (B) make grants to public and nonprofit private entities for the purpose of providing technical assistance to, and consultation with, a wide variety of domestic and international entities involved in developing and evaluating topical microbicides, including health agencies, extramural researchers, industry, health advocates, and nonprofit organizations in the United States and in developing countries.

(c) OTHER REQUIREMENTS- The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall appoint a senior level policy advisor for infectious diseases who shall report directly to the Administrator and shall be responsible for ensuring that the impact of infectious diseases are taken into account in programs in all divisions of the Agency, including from a gender perspective responding to the growth of the AIDS pandemic among women and girls.

SEC. 405. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS.

(a) FINDINGS- Congress finds the following:

(1) Tuberculosis is one of the greatest infectious causes of death of adults worldwide, killing nearly 2,000,000 people per year--one person every 15 seconds. Globally, tuberculosis is the leading infectious cause of death of young women and the leading cause of death of people with HIV/AIDS.

(2) Tuberculosis is an immense economic drain on families and on nations and is a significant cause of poverty. Most cases of tuberculosis and deaths caused by tuberculosis occur among individuals in their most productive years of life, ages 15 to 50, decimating a country's ability to compete effectively in the global economy.

(3) There is a highly effective and inexpensive treatment for tuberculosis. This strategy, known as Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course (DOTS), includes low-cost effective diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and record keeping, as well as a reliable drug supply.

(4) Based on World Bank estimates, DOTS treatment is one of the most cost-effective health interventions available--costing just $20-$100 to save a life, and DOTS can produce cure rates of up to 95 percent even in the poorest countries.

(b) AMENDMENTS TO FOREIGN ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1961- Section 104(c)(7) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151b(c)(7)) is amended--

(1) by redesignating subparagraph (B) as subparagraph (C);

(2) by inserting after subparagraph (A) the following:

`(B)(i) Of the amount appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under subparagraph (C) for a fiscal year, a substantial percentage of such amount is authorized to be used for (I) the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis for very poor, at-risk and affected populations utilizing Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course (DOTS), or other internationally accepted primary tuberculosis control strategies developed in consultation with the World Health Organization, and (II) the expansion of such strategies so that every individual with tuberculosis has access to treatment and to meet the goal of the cure of at least 85 percent of the cases detected in those countries in which the agency has established development programs by December 31, 2010.

`(ii) An appropriate percentage of the remaining amount appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under subparagraph (C) for a fiscal year is authorized to be made available for implementation of Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course (DOTS-PLUS), or other internationally accepted tuberculosis control strategies, to treat multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, and for global tuberculosis coordination and surveillance efforts. In addition, assistance provided using amounts is authorized to be primarily used in those developing countries identified by the World Health Organization as having a high incidence of tuberculosis, with special emphasis given to the poorest regions of such countries.'.

SEC. 406. ADDRESSING FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION.

(a) FINDINGS- Congress makes the following findings and declarations of policy:

(1) Up to 180,000,000 women and girls around the world, 80 percent of them in Africa, have undergone some form of genital mutilation. Approximately 2,000,000 girls undergo female genital mutilation annually, most often between the ages of 7 and 10 years, although there is a trend to perform the procedure on much younger girls.

(2) Female genital mutilation performed against the will of a girl or woman violates the basic human right to bodily integrity.

(3) The health risks of female genital mutilation are significant, and include intense pain, hemorrhage, infection, infertility, increased risk of maternal and child morbidity and mortality, and HIV infection. The long-term risks are also substantial. A study in Sierra Leone discovered that 83 percent of women who have undergone female genital mutilation require medical attention at some point in their lives for a condition resulting from the procedure.

(4) Research and experience by national and international organizations has proven that the cessation of the practice of female genital mutilation must involve efforts that facilitate the empowerment of women overall and directly address female genital mutilation, including economic development, local and national level advocacy, health education, technical assistance to nongovernmental organizations and health ministries, and political support at all levels.

(b) ADDITIONAL PROVISION- Amounts made available to carry out programs to address female genital mutilation should be targeted toward local nongovernmental organizations that provide medical and psychosocial services, develop culturally appropriate information, education, and communications materials related to female genital mutilation, and create greater political support at all levels to address female genital mutilation. Such amounts may also be used to support research on the economic, psychosocial, and health consequences of female genital mutilation and to evaluate intervention programs.

(c) DEFINITION- In this section, the term `female genital mutilation' means procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or any other non-therapeutic reasons.

TITLE V--WOMEN, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY

SEC. 501. FINDINGS.

Congress makes the following findings:

(1) Women produce, process, and market more than 70 percent of the food in most developing countries, yet their key roles as farmers and food providers critical to household food security is only recently becoming recognized.

(2) Because women dominate the agricultural sector in developing countries, they can benefit from the rising demand for food worldwide. However, women face enormous barriers that prevent them from realizing this potential, including lack of land tenure rights, exclusion from decision-making at all levels, neglect by agricultural extension services, and limited access to inputs such as fertilizer, improved seeds, credit, and markets.

(3) In spite of these constraints, recent evaluations of international agribusiness projects have shown that women can significantly raise their incomes through the production, processing, and marketing of traditional and non-traditional agricultural products. One of the best ways to improve rural women's status is to increase their access to the land, technology, inputs, finances, and markets they need to become full participants in the global market.

(4) The United States supplies more than half of food aid worldwide to refugees and displaced persons. Yet we still see significant nutritional deficiencies among these populations, particularly micronutrient and caloric intake deficiencies.

SEC. 502. PROGRAMS TO ASSIST WOMEN FARMERS.

In carrying out programs that provide assistance, directly or indirectly, to farmers in foreign countries, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the heads of other appropriate Federal departments and agencies shall establish and carry out projects to assist women farmers in accessing global and domestic markets in order to increase their incomes. Such projects shall meet the following requirements:

(1) Provide women with access to the resources they need to produce, process, and market high-income crops and agricultural products, including resources that provide rights to own and use land, credit, market information, extension services, appropriate technology, and all productive inputs (water, seeds, fertilizers, chemicals that are safe for human exposure and environmentally sound, and labor).

(2) Ensure that agribusiness interventions do not diminish farm families' food security, overall well-being, family incomes, or their ownership and control over productive assets.

(3) Provide education and training to women farmers and food producers, processors, and traders. Education programs shall include culturally appropriate agricultural extension services (for example, women extension agents), basic literacy and numeracy, and training in business skills.

(4) Enhance women's access to nutritious food both within the household and for the household to purchase, and increase the household's knowledge of nutrition and good feeding behaviors.

(5) Research and address the impacts of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the choice of crops and processing technologies suitable for women. Particular attention must be paid to maintaining household food security in spite of loss of family labor and other resources.

(6) Assist countries in establishing effective food-safety nets for the poor in times of economic downturns or low food production (due to drought, floods, or other catastrophes).

(7) Evaluate and increase the effectiveness of United States emergency food aid programs for food security, nutrition and health, and explore the potential for using monetized local currency receipts for creating endowments from which food security related projects could be funded.

(8) Fortify staple foods contributed as part of United States food aid programs with vitamins A, B, and C, zinc, folate, iron, as appropriate, and fortify salt with iodine. Food aid should also provide high-nutrient seeds in relief situations to enable displaced persons to grow high-nutrient foods.

(9) Create food security profiles, including gender analysis, for recipient countries to diagnose what types of investments should be made, agricultural and non-agricultural, to achieve food security for the poor.

(10) Increase women's skills in advocacy and in their ability to engage in decision-making activities relevant to agriculture and food security at all levels--state, province, national, and international.

SEC. 503. INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (IFAD).

(a) FINDING- Congress finds that the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) has been a pioneer in reaching rural women and is an effective means of channeling scare United States resources for international agricultural programs.

(b) DECLARATION OF POLICY- Congress expresses its full support for significant United States contributions to future replenishments of the International Fund for Agricultural Development.

TITLE VI--HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND GIRLS

SEC. 601. STRENGTHENING THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND GIRLS.

(a) FINDINGS AND DECLARATIONS OF POLICY- Congress makes the following findings and declarations of policy:

(1) The indivisibility of human rights is most relevant to women and girls because violations of their rights occur in all areas, including the home, community, workplace, and civic institutions.

(2) Supporting women's human rights in all spheres of women's lives, including home, work, school, health, political participation, and other related areas, is critical to sustainable development and the promotion of equality and democracy around the world.

(3) Violations of women's human rights can be cloaked in law or exist in practice, they can be direct or indirect and they can exist in the public and private sectors. The eradication of gender discrimination remains a challenge even within the international human rights system.

(4) Many legal or administrative codes contain barriers to women's access to resources and property, to basic information about and access to services (including health and education), to basic decisions concerning their family status, to protection from violence, and to freedom of association. Even where supportive legislation exists, these legal rights may be weakly enforced or overridden by customary law.

(5) It is important that international human rights treaties that the United States has ratified be applied to domestic and foreign policies and programs.

(6) It is important to examine the implications of accelerated economic globalization, structural adjustment, and trade liberalization on women's rights and human rights, particularly as these trends affect women as workers, farmers, entrepreneurs, family care givers, and heads of household.

(7) Global institutions such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, multinational corporations, the United Nations, and other institutions increasingly affect the daily lives and human rights of women and girls, both positively and negatively.

(b) RATIFICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL RIGHTS- Congress expresses its support for ratification of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights and requests the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate to hold hearings on the Covenant, approve it, and submit the Covenant to the floor of the Senate for a vote on advice and consent to ratification.

(c) RATIFICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD- Congress expresses its support for ratification of the International Convention on the Rights of the Child and requests the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate to hold hearings on the Covenant, approve it, and submit the Covenant to the floor of the Senate for a vote on advice and consent to ratification.

(d) INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION OF THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF ALL MIGRANT WORKERS AND MEMBERS OF THEIR FAMILIES- Congress expresses its support for the United States to sign and ratify the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families and requests the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate to hold hearings on the Convention.

(e) OPTIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLTICAL RIGHTS- Congress expresses its support for the United States to sign and ratify the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights and requests the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate to hold hearings on the Protocol.

(f) UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS TO PROMOTE DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS- United States international programs to promote democracy and human rights shall include the following:

(1) Financial support and technical assistance for legal aid organizations that take on cases of the violations of human rights of women and girls, in particular cases of violence against women, denial of women's access to social services, and violations of women employment rights.

(2) Support to civil society organizations that are promoting human rights education for women and men.

(3) Support for capacity-building of young women leaders in the field of human rights law.

(4) Technical assistance to all bureaus and embassies to ensure their compliance with international human rights treaties that the United States has signed and ratified.

(g) AUDIT OF MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS- The Secretary of the Treasury, in conjunction with the United States Executive Directors to each multilateral development bank (as defined in section 201(g)), shall conduct an audit of each such bank to ensure that the bank is compliant with internationally recognized and universal human rights, as defined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

(h) ASSISTANCE TO ELIMINATE DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN-

(1) ASSISTANCE- The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall establish and carry out programs to assist governments of developing countries to eliminate de jure discrimination against women.

(2) ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS- Assistance provided under subsection (a) shall include the following:

(A) Provide judges and other judicial officials in developing countries with ongoing training in women's human rights, particularly as such rights relate to domestic violence.

(B) Provide technical and other assistance to officials in ministries of justice of developing countries to enable such officials to better collect and analyze sex-disaggregated data on rates of reporting, prosecution, conviction, and sentencing of domestic and sexual violence cases.

(3) Improve training for law enforcement personnel in developing countries to improve their response to and collection of evidence for domestic and sexual violence cases.

SEC. 602. PREVENTION OF TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN AND CHILDREN.

(a) FINDINGS- Congress finds the following:

(1) Trafficking in persons is increasing exponentially worldwide. The United Nations estimates that 4,000,000 individuals become victims of trafficking each year. The United States Government estimates that 50,000 women and girls are trafficked into the United States annually.

(2) Trafficking is a labor and human rights violation that involves physical and psychological coercion, deception, forced labor, and servitude or slavery. Traffickers force people to labor and serve in a growing number of arenas, including factories, construction sites, farms, brothels, homes, and streets.

(3) Potential and actual victims of trafficking need targeted assistance to provide them with skills and opportunities at home. Trafficked individuals need shelter, health care, psychological counseling, training, and living assistance after they escape from their traffickers. Those individuals who are in danger from retaliation by organized criminal gangs require special protection.

(4) Women are more likely than men to be trafficked. Women are disproportionately affected by economic changes brought on by structural adjustment policies, privatization, trade liberalization, and economic globalization, such as the movement away from agriculture toward a wage-based economy and consumer society.

(b) PROGRAMS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN OR DESTINATION-

(1) IN GENERAL- The President, acting through the heads of appropriate Federal departments and agencies (such as the Department of State, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, the Department of Health and Human Services, and the United States Agency for International Development), shall establish and carry out programs in foreign countries to prevent the trafficking of women and children, prosecute traffickers, and meet the needs of victims of trafficking.

(2) ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS- Programs established and carried out under paragraph (1) shall include the following:

(A) PREVENTION- (i) Support for local in-country nongovernmental organizations to conduct public education and advocacy programs for all relevant sectors and levels of society with the purpose of preventing trafficking.

(ii) Creation of education materials and networks to reach out to the ethnic communities of those individuals most likely to be trafficked, particularly in the informal sectors where undocumented migrants and trafficked individuals are more likely to be found.

(iii) Education, training, and business development services for women and girls who are in vulnerable populations to assist them in becoming economically self-sufficient. These programs should emphasize non-traditional and economically viable activities and include training on the rights of women, labor, and migrants.

(B) TREATMENT AND SOCIAL SERVICES FOR VICTIMS- (i) Support for nongovernmental organization-operated hotlines, culturally and linguistically appropriate protective shelters, and regional and international nongovernmental organization networks and databases on trafficking. Support should also assist nongovernmental organizations in creating service centers and systems that are mobile and extend beyond large cities.

(ii) Support for nongovernmental organizations and advocates to provide legal, social, and other services and assistance to trafficked individuals, particularly those individuals in detention.

(iii) Education and training for trafficked women and girls upon their return home as described in clause (iv).

(iv) The safe reintegration of trafficked individuals into an appropriate community or family, with full respect for the wishes, dignity, and safety of the trafficked individual. Programs should seek to integrate victim protection and safe reintegration.

(v) Support for increasing or developing programs to assist families of victims in locating, repatriating, and treating their trafficked family members.

(C) LAW ENFORCEMENT- High-quality training programs emphasizing a human rights-based approach for law enforcement personnel, prosecutors, immigration agents and officers, housing and health inspectors, and other government officials who may come into contact with a situation of trafficking or trafficked individuals in countries of origin or destination.

(D) LEGAL REFORMS- (i) Analysis of existing national legal frameworks and advocacy to develop protective national laws and policies that are consistent with, and improve upon, the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime).

(ii) Support for advocates working to ensure the appropriate and timely implementation

of new anti-trafficking or related legislation at the national, state, and local levels.

(iii) Support for countries to develop an effective system for witness defense and protection, including the establishment of immigration laws to allow temporary residence to victims.

(E) CAPACITY BUILDING FOR NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS- (i) Assistance to build the capacities of local nongovernmental organizations, such as local unions, women's organizations, direct service organizations, and civic associations to effectively deliver programs in subparagraphs (A) through (D).

(ii) Assistance for nongovernmental organizations to disseminate, share, and train other nongovernmental organizations in successful techniques to prevent trafficking, prosecute traffickers, and meet the multiple needs of victims.

SEC. 603. ACCESS FOR AFGHAN WOMEN ACT OF 2002.

(a) SHORT TITLE- This section may be cited as the `Access for Afghan Women Act of 2002'.

(b) FINDINGS- Congress finds the following:

(1) Before 1996, women in Afghanistan could exercise their basic human rights and 70 percent of teachers, nurses, doctors, and small business owners in Afghanistan were women.

(2) More than 90 percent of Afghan men and women believe that women should have access to education and work, freedom of expression, legal protection, and participation in government. Respondents also support the inclusion of women's human rights issues in any peace negotiations with respect to Afghanistan.

(3) Women make up more than 75 percent of the refugees in camps, urban areas, and villages in Afghanistan. On the Afghanistan border with Pakistan many organizations, including women's organizations, are delivering critical services to refugees and such women's organizations have the knowledge and experience to assist the United States in delivering effective relief aid to women.

(4) The active participation of women in the government, economy, and society of Afghanistan is necessary to ensure lasting peace in the region.

(5) During major conflicts in the region, women have maintained local economies and have led the effort in rebuilding economies after conflicts. Effective development and reconstruction assistance, including microcredit assistance, takes into account women's roles as economic leaders.

(c) REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO UNITED STATES ACTIVITIES IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES-

(1) IN GENERAL- Notwithstanding any other provision of law, activities described in paragraphs (2) through (5) that are carried out by the United States in Afghanistan and other countries of Central Asia shall comply with the applicable requirements contained in such paragraphs.

(2) PEACE NEGOTIATIONS TO ESTABLISH GOVERNMENT OF AFGHANISTAN- With respect to processes to establish a government of Afghanistan, the applicable requirements are the following:

(A) Consult with and include representatives of women's organizations and networks from the major ethnic groups in Afghanistan during peace negotiations and post-conflict decisionmaking.

(B) Include the perspectives and advice of organizations with expertise in human rights and women's development in decisionmaking processes relating to peace and the governance of Afghanistan.

(C) Support the efforts of Afghan women and Afghan women's organizations to ensure that the full range of human rights of women, as described in the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, are included in any constitution or legal structure of a government in Afghanistan by including a significant number of women in the drafting of the constitution.

(3) POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT- With respect to activities relating to post-conflict stability in Afghanistan and other countries of Central Asia, the applicable requirements are the following:

(A) Provide financial and programmatic assistance for the efforts of Afghan women's organizations that represent the various ethnic groups.

(B) Promote multi-year women-centered economic development programs, including programs to assist widows and female heads of household.

(C) Increase women's access to and ownership of productive assets such as land, agricultural inputs, and microfinance, and property.

(D) Provide financial assistance for primary, secondary, and higher education for all individuals in Afghanistan.

(E) Provide financial assistance to build health infrastructure and to deliver women-centered health programs, particularly comprehensive and high quality reproductive health and family planning services.

(F) Integrate education and training programs for former combatants with economic development programs to encourage their reintegration into society and to promote post-conflict stability.

(G) Support educational efforts to increase awareness with respect to landmines, facilitate the removal of landmines, and provide services to individuals with disabilities caused by landmines.

(H) Provide assistance to rehabilitate children affected by the conflict, particularly child soldiers.

(4) RELIEF, RESETTLEMENT, AND REPATRIATION OF REFUGEES- With respect to the relief, resettlement, and repatriation of refugees in Afghanistan and other countries of Central Asia, the applicable requirements are the following:

(A)(i) Take all necessary steps to protect women refugees in camps, urban areas, and villages fleeing from the conflict situation in Afghanistan from violence.

(ii) Take all necessary steps to ensure that women refugees in camps, urban areas, and villages fleeing from the conflict situation in Afghanistan are directly receiving food aid, shelter, relief supplies, and other services from United States-sponsored programs.

(iii) Take all necessary steps to ensure that women refugees in camps, urban areas, and villages are accessing high quality health and medical services, particularly reproductive, maternal, and child health services.

(B) Take all necessary steps to ensure that refugees that choose to return voluntarily to their place of origin can do so in safety, dignity, and with protection of their rights. United States-sponsored efforts shall not coerce or encourage refugees to return to their places of origin.

(5) PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS- With respect to peacekeeping operations in Afghanistan and other countries of Central Asia, the applicable requirements are the following:

(A) In preparation for deployment of peacekeeping missions, provide training, guidelines, and materials to military, police, and civilian personnel on the protection, rights, and the particular needs of women, as well as on the importance of involving women in all peacekeeping and peace building measures.

(B) Encourage individuals and organizations that will provide training to consult with women's organizations within and outside of Afghanistan and other countries of Central Asia to develop appropriate training content and materials.

(6) DEFINITION- In this subsection, the term `other countries of Central Asia' means Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan.

(d) REPORT- Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the President shall prepare and transmit to Congress a report that contains documentation (including documentation using data disaggregated by gender) of the progress in implementing the requirements of subsection (c).

SEC. 604. RATIFICATION OF CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN.

(a) FINDINGS- Congress finds the following:

(1) The Senate has already agreed to the ratification of several important human rights treaties, including the Genocide Convention, the Convention Against Torture, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).

(2) CEDAW establishes a worldwide commitment to combat discrimination against women and girls.

(3) 165 countries of the world have ratified or acceded to CEDAW and the United States is among a small minority of countries, including Afghanistan, North Korea, Iran, and Sudan, which have not.

(4) The Administration has proposed a small number of reservations, understandings, and declarations to ensure that United States ratification fully complies with all constitutional requirements, including the rights of States and individuals.

(5) The legislatures of California, Iowa, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, South Dakota, and Vermont have endorsed United States ratification of CEDAW.

(6) More than 100 United States-based, civic, legal, religious, education, and environmental organizations, including many major national membership organizations, support ratification of CEDAW.

(7) Ratification of CEDAW would allow the United States to nominate a representative to the CEDAW oversight committee.

(b) SENSE OF CONGRESS- It is the sense of Congress that--

(1) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate should hold hearings on the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW); and

(2) the Senate should, therefore, give its advice and consent to the ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women.

TITLE VII--VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

SEC. 701. FINDINGS.

Congress finds the following:

(1) Around the world, at least 1 woman in every 3 has been beaten, coerced into sex, or otherwise abused in her lifetime.

(2) Violence against women is a human rights violation that takes many forms--physical, sexual, and psychological--and cuts across most countries, social groups, and socio-economic classes. Violence against women can occur in every setting--in homes, streets, schools, and places of work.

(3) Violence is a multidimensional issue that stems from women's subordinate status in society, women's economic dependence on men, and women's overall lack of power. All societies have beliefs, norms, and social institutions that legitimize and perpetuate violence against women.

(4) Women are particularly vulnerable to violence during times of political upheaval and economic instability. Although rape as a weapon of war has been internationally condemned, armies continue to use it in conflicts around the globe. For example, in 1992, as many as 20,000 women were raped in the first few months of the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina

(5) Violence prohibits many women from participating in the economy, being active in civic life, accessing educational opportunities, and obtaining health care. One out of every 5 healthy years of life are lost to women ages 15 to 44 as a result of violence. This loss of productivity impairs women's economic development and overall national economic growth.

SEC. 702. UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS TO PREVENT VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS.

United States international programs administered by the United States Agency for International Development, the Department of State, and other appropriate Federal departments and agencies shall incorporate the following:

(1) Support for programs that advocate for protective legislation, judicial accountability and enforcement of existing laws relating to the prevention of violence against women and girls.

(2) Strengthening of sites of first response, particularly community-based responses and infrastructure.

(3) Encouragement for the integration of violence interventions into all sectors of United States international development assistance.

(4) Investment in a variety of prevention programs, including research on the causes of violence, and education of the public, law enforcement and judicial officials, and journalists and the media. Public education programs should aim to change the attitudes, beliefs, and norms that encourage men to be violent.

(5) Strengthening of women's economic opportunities in order to improve their options and negotiating power outside of and within the home.

(6) Encouragement for communities to design all responses (for example, health, police, judicial, and social services) to respect the autonomy and meet the needs of survivors.

(7) Design of monitoring, evaluation, and measurement of results based on local needs and contexts. Measurement of results should account for the long length of time violence interventions aimed at profound behavioral and societal changes take.

(8) Support for research on and dissemination of best practices for violence prevention and treatment programs.

SEC. 703. REPORT.

As part of the congressional presentation documents for fiscal year 2003, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall report on the Agency's programs to eradicate violence against women for those countries in which the 2000 State Department Country Report on Human Rights practices indicates a significant problem of domestic violence, rape, trafficking, sexual harassment, and other forms of violence against women.

TITLE VIII--WOMEN, CONFLICTS, AND PEACE BUILDING

SEC. 801. FINDINGS.

Congress makes the following findings and declarations of policy:

(1) Civilians, particularly women and children, account for the vast majority of those adversely affected by armed conflict in ethnic, religious, and identity wars. In some cases of ethno-political conflict, more than half of women have been targeted for rape as a weapon of war. Little is done to protect the safety and rights of women in conflict situations or to prosecute perpetrators.

(2) Today, as many as 300,000 children under the age of 18 serve in government forces or armed rebel groups. Some are as young as 8 years old. Both girls and boys are used as child soldiers. In case studies in El Salvador, Ethiopia, and Uganda, almost a third of the child soldiers were reported to be girls. Girls may be raped, or in some cases, given to military commanders as `wives'.

(3) War and violence have uprooted and displaced 35,000,000 people worldwide from their homes, 80 percent of these refugees are women and children. They have little access to basic food, medical care, hygiene, and shelter.

(4) Women are not just victims, they are taking the initiative to reach across the conflict divide and foster peace. In Mali and Liberia women joined together to collect arms. In Northern Ireland, Catholic and Protestant women created joint community development projects.

(5) Despite women's positive roles in fostering peace, they are excluded from most peace negotiations. Women's perspectives and experiences in seeking solutions to conflicts are necessary to ensure lasting peace.

(6) Violence and conflict are major impediments to participating in and benefiting from the global economy. Even during major conflicts, it is women that keep local economies running and work to rebuild economies after conflicts. Therefore, economic aid that is linked to peace processes should target and take into account women's roles as economic leaders and assist women in accessing the global marketplace.

SEC. 802. UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS.

United States international programs administered by the United States Agency for International Development, the Department of State, the Department of Defense, and other appropriate Federal departments and agencies shall incorporate activities in the following areas:

(1) CONFLICT PREVENTION AND POST-CONFLICT STABILITY- (A) Support for women's efforts in conflict-resolution before, during, and after conflicts.

(B) Promotion of multi-year gender-balanced economic development programs, particularly programs to assist female heads of household.

(C) Increased women's access to and ownership of productive assets such as land, agricultural equipment, and credit.

(D) Integration of education and training programs for former combatants with economic development programs to encourage their reintegration into society and to promote post-conflict stability.

(E) Extension of education and training, including in business development, to women.

(2) IMPROVING PEACE KEEPING OPERATIONS- (A) In preparation for deployment, provide training, guidelines, and materials to military, police, and civilian personnel on the protection, rights, and the particular needs of women, as well as on the importance of involving women in all peacekeeping and peace building measures. The Secretary of Defense shall encourage trainers to consult with women's organizations and leaders to develop appropriate training content and materials.

(B) Integration of a gender perspective in peace building by each United States representative to the United Nations, including encouraging close and meaningful collaboration between United Nations Peacekeeping Operations and women leaders working to end conflict. In addition, encouragement of the United Nations to create a Gender Unit at the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) headquarters to provide technical assistance in this area.

(3) PEACE NEGOTIATIONS AND DECISION-MAKING- (A) With respect to peace negotiations, the consultation with women leaders with experience in conflict prevention, mediation, and traditional peacemaking processes in peace negotiations and post-conflict decision-making.

(B) Include women's perspectives in United States decision-making processes relating to peace and international security by conducting an audit on the implementation of existing United States commitments on addressing women's needs and concerns in conflict and post-conflict situations.

(4) REFUGEE RESETTLEMENT AND REPATRIATION- (A) Provide protection and assistance to refugee women and internally displaced women in or fleeing from conflict situations.

(B) Ensure that high quality services are provided to refugee women to meet their overall health needs, particularly in the area of reproductive health.

(C) Take all necessary steps to ensure that refugee and displaced women are able to return voluntarily to their place of origin in safety and with dignity, and to uphold their right to protection after their return.

(D) Provide assistance to rehabilitate children affected by conflict, particularly child soldiers.

SEC. 803. RATIFICATION OF THE OPTIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD ON THE INVOLVEMENT OF CHILDREN IN ARMED CONFLICT.

Congress expresses its support for the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict and urges the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate to hold hearings on the Protocol, approve the Protocol, and bring the Protocol to the floor of the full Senate for a vote on advice and consent to ratification.

TITLE IX--WOMEN'S LEADERSHIP AND PARTICIPATION

SEC. 901. FINDINGS.

Congress makes the following findings and declarations of policy:

(1) Women's equal participation in political and civic life plays a pivotal role in the general process of the advancement of women. Women's equal participation in decision-making is not only a demand for simple justice or democracy, but is also a necessary condition for women's interests to be taken into account.

(2) From 1945 to 1995, the percentage of women in parliaments increased four-fold; however, women's representation in national legislatures is low at 12.7 percent worldwide. Women representation at the local level is also suppressed, with less than 5 percent in Africa and 7.5 percent in Latin America.

(3) In order to increase women's leadership and participation, interventions must address both the skills and characteristics of women as well as the overall context that promotes or limits women's participation.

SEC. 902. UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS TO INCREASE WOMEN'S LEADERSHIP AND PARTICIPATION.

(a) IN GENERAL- United States international programs administered by the United States Agency for International Development, the Department of State, and other appropriate Federal departments and agencies shall incorporate the following activities:

(1) Building women's capacity to be effective leaders and participants in civic life by--

(A) providing training to women and women's organizations in the areas of legal systems, electoral processes, legislation, advocacy, media and public affairs, information technology, and leadership; and

(B) assisting women leaders once they are in office to enhance their abilities to govern effectively, for example by building strong relationships with women's associations and developing connections to other elected officials.

(2) Creating a supportive environment for women's leadership and participation by--

(A) sensitizing men and male leaders to support women's leadership and participation in public life;

(B) developing and implementing gender-sensitive programs to give girls, boys, and young adults skills in civic participation and leadership; and

(C) reforming structures to integrate women leaders, for example by encouraging countries to utilize affirmative action programs to increase the number of women in the politics and decision-making.

(b) ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS- The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall work with the Office of Women in Development and the Bureau for Democracy and Governance in addressing women's needs and incorporating women's views in all programs relating to democracy and governance.

SEC. 903. UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR WOMEN'S LEADERSHIP.

The President is authorized to establish a United States International Fund for Women's Leadership to provide grants to women's organizations in developing countries and to United States women's organizations for the purpose of promoting women's leadership in such countries.

SEC. 904. INTERNATIONAL MUSEUM OF WOMEN.

Congress makes the following findings and declarations of policy:

(1) Of the thousands of museums in the United States, there is no museum that chronicles the vast contributions women from around the world have made and continue to make to the development of humanity.

(2) Women have been virtually invisible in mainstream textbooks and historical presentations. This `traditional' telling of history perpetuates the inequalities that exist between women and men.

(3) Women have played critical roles in shaping economies and politics, art and culture, home and family, yet there exists no place where young women and men can go to learn about global women's history.

(4) An International Museum of Women will celebrate and examine the role women have played in shaping our world through the centuries. Through the critical exploration of women's history, contemporary issues and visions of the future, the museum will be a catalyst for continued social change.

TITLE X--WOMEN AND THE ENVIRONMENT

SEC. 1001. FINDINGS.

Congress makes the following findings and declarations of policy:

(1) Environmental degradation constitutes a serious threat to the livelihood of the poor in developing countries, especially women. It is women who are most intensively engaged in household subsistence activities that depend closely on the quality and availability of natural resources.

(2) Women are more susceptible to health problems related to changes in the environment due to the sensitivity of their reproductive systems to toxins or pollutants. There is also strong evidence of the irrevocable damage caused by chemical exposures during various stages of the life cycle, particularly to the fetus and growing child.

(3) Increased trade liberalization, industrialization, manufacturing, consumption, agricultural development, and population dynamics in both developed and developing countries have altered ecosystems and environmental quality in low-income countries.

(4) The privatization and commodification of natural resources such as energy, water, and medicinal plants impacts women more deeply and severely due to their roles as providers of basic household needs.

SEC. 1002. UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS.

United States international environmental programs administered by the United States Agency for International Development, the Department of State, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of the Interior, United States Forest Service, the National Park Service, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, the Department of Commerce, and other appropriate Federal departments and agencies shall incorporate the following activities:

(1) Increase resources to research the health impacts of hazardous materials on women, children, and men, particularly those chemicals prevalent in developing countries.

(2) Foster the creation of information systems, such as `community right to know' principles, for local communities in developing countries to become aware of environmental and health threats.

(3) Encourage the development of environmental regulations and agencies in developing countries. Promote the use of the `precautionary principle' in which measures are put into place to protect women, men, and children from toxic substances until such substances are proven safe for these populations.

(4) Provide low-income women with access to environmentally and economically sound technologies, such as wind generators and solar-powered cookers, that support healthy ecosystems, promote the sustainable use of natural resources, and enhance the well-being of women and their families.

(5) Provide financial support and technical assistance to developing country energy and natural resource ministries to assess the energy needs of households living in poverty and recommend actions to be taken to meet these energy needs both sustainably and affordably for the poor. These assessments shall account for the differing energy needs of men and women when estimating overall household energy needs.

(6) In countries that have privatized or are in the process of privatizing basic commodities, such as energy and water, ensure that poor households have access to services at affordable rates.

(7) Increase women's skills in engaging decision-making bodies relevant to the environment, conservation, biodiversity, energy and natural resource management, such as bodies at the state level (including state agencies) and international systems and institutions.

(8) Support existing programs and encourage the establishment of new programs in developing countries to limit exposures to toxic substances in places of work to levels accepted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.

SEC. 1003. NEGOTIATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES AND PROTOCOLS.

The Secretary of State shall take into account women's roles in natural resource management as well as the health impacts of environmental toxins on women's health when negotiating international environmental treaties and protocols.

SEC. 1004. RATIFICATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS.

Congress recognizes the impact that persistent organic pollutants have on women and children, expresses its support for the Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, and urges the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate to hold hearings on the Convention, approve the Convention, and bring the Convention to the floor of the full Senate for a vote on advice and consent to ratification.

SEC. 1005. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY.

The Secretary of State shall instruct the United States representatives to the Global Environment Facility Council and Assembly to urge the Facility to integrate women's special needs and an analysis of gender roles into its programming in developing and transitional countries.

TITLE XI--AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS

SEC. 1101. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out the activities contained in this Act an aggregate increase of $1,000,000,000 from appropriations for fiscal year 2002, as mandated in Public Law 107-115, for the following accounts: `Development Assistance', `Migration and Refugee Assistance', `Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance', `International Disaster Assistance', `Office of Transition Initiatives of the United States Agency for International Development', and `International Organizations and Programs'. Programs in these accounts shall promote women's development as required by the relevant provisions contained in this Act.

END