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Built to Win: Excerpt |
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By Leslie Heywood and Shari L.
Dworkin |
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An excerpt from Heywood and Dworkin's new
book analyzes the rise of the female athlete in the media and its
implications for women in general. |
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"Media attention tends to follow cycles that
first embrace and then show ambivalence towards female athleticism.
Advocate of women's sports, from educators to participants, however,
have been talking consistently about the benefits of athletic
participation since the late nineteenth century. It wasn't until
very recently that the arguments about benefits gained mainstream
cultural currency. What happened to make arguments that once fell on
deaf ears register so powerfully on the national radar in the 1990s?
What made public perceptions of the female athlete shift so
radically from female athletes who were quickly stigmatized by the
"mannish lesbian" stereotype to the glorified "women who love to
kick ass" of the present moment?10 What happened to facilitate the
formation of women's professional leagues in basketball, softball,
soccer, and even football?11
The result of historical struggles, and economic, political, and
social cycles, part of this current cultural shift in attitudes
about athletes has a demographic explanation. At the time of Title
IX, one in nine women participated in organized sports, while now
the statistics are one in 2.5. More bodies, more interest. But what
lies behind increased interest and participation? By the early
1990’s, from growing numbers of girls and women participating in
sports to a public focus on girls’ self-esteem as a public health
issue, many vital elements were in place to support a widespread
acceptance of women’s sports and the deconstruction of some old
stigmas. Yet greater mainstreaming of the female athlete- the shift
from grudging mainstream acceptance to adulation, full iconic
status- did not take place until 1996, “The Year of the Women” at
the Olympics. What kickstarted public consciousness? What
precipitated the move from the female athlete’s near invisibility in
the mass media to a more ubiquitous presence in American commercial
culture, selling everything from Motrin to chewing gum?
One-third of all college women participate in competitive sports.
If intramural and recreational are included, the percentage is much
higher. There are millions of female athletes and athletes to come
who are eating, growing, laughing even as we speak. Maybe these new
athletes won’t have quite so rough a ride. There’s been some grass
cut, a trail blazed, some brush cleared out of the way. But in their
place spring new hurdles: a growing cultural conservatism that
pushes for traditional models of gender, a lack of consistent Title
IX enforcement and a challenge to its conceptualization, diminishing
support for policies and laws that institutionalized women’s sports
in the first place, a growing cult of beauty that relies on cosmetic
surgery (and technology itself) to achieve its images, popular
rhetoric that blames women’s sport for cutting men’s sports, and a
media industry that continually glamorizes that pain and sacrifice
associated with competition. This glamorization- evident in the
sensation created by 1996 Olympic gymnast Kerrie Strug who completed
her last vault badly injured, but anchored a gold for the team-
creates momentary stars who pay with their long-term health and are
quickly replaced.12"
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