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Built to Win: Excerpt
By Leslie Heywood and Shari L. Dworkin
An excerpt from Heywood and Dworkin's new book analyzes the rise of the female athlete in the media and its implications for women in general.
"Media attention tends to follow cycles that first embrace and then show ambivalence towards female athleticism. Advocate of women's sports, from educators to participants, however, have been talking consistently about the benefits of athletic participation since the late nineteenth century. It wasn't until very recently that the arguments about benefits gained mainstream cultural currency. What happened to make arguments that once fell on deaf ears register so powerfully on the national radar in the 1990s? What made public perceptions of the female athlete shift so radically from female athletes who were quickly stigmatized by the "mannish lesbian" stereotype to the glorified "women who love to kick ass" of the present moment?10 What happened to facilitate the formation of women's professional leagues in basketball, softball, soccer, and even football?11

The result of historical struggles, and economic, political, and social cycles, part of this current cultural shift in attitudes about athletes has a demographic explanation. At the time of Title IX, one in nine women participated in organized sports, while now the statistics are one in 2.5. More bodies, more interest. But what lies behind increased interest and participation? By the early 1990’s, from growing numbers of girls and women participating in sports to a public focus on girls’ self-esteem as a public health issue, many vital elements were in place to support a widespread acceptance of women’s sports and the deconstruction of some old stigmas. Yet greater mainstreaming of the female athlete- the shift from grudging mainstream acceptance to adulation, full iconic status- did not take place until 1996, “The Year of the Women” at the Olympics. What kickstarted public consciousness? What precipitated the move from the female athlete’s near invisibility in the mass media to a more ubiquitous presence in American commercial culture, selling everything from Motrin to chewing gum?

One-third of all college women participate in competitive sports. If intramural and recreational are included, the percentage is much higher. There are millions of female athletes and athletes to come who are eating, growing, laughing even as we speak. Maybe these new athletes won’t have quite so rough a ride. There’s been some grass cut, a trail blazed, some brush cleared out of the way. But in their place spring new hurdles: a growing cultural conservatism that pushes for traditional models of gender, a lack of consistent Title IX enforcement and a challenge to its conceptualization, diminishing support for policies and laws that institutionalized women’s sports in the first place, a growing cult of beauty that relies on cosmetic surgery (and technology itself) to achieve its images, popular rhetoric that blames women’s sport for cutting men’s sports, and a media industry that continually glamorizes that pain and sacrifice associated with competition. This glamorization- evident in the sensation created by 1996 Olympic gymnast Kerrie Strug who completed her last vault badly injured, but anchored a gold for the team- creates momentary stars who pay with their long-term health and are quickly replaced.12"

In 1934, the fourth, and last, Women’s World Games were held in London, England.

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