Encyclopedia of Associations Codebook
When coding entries from the Encyclopedia of Associations use all the information available: section of the Encyclopedia, organization name, keyword, textual description, committee information, former names, publications, etc. When coding an entry, coders should first read the entry all the way through. After the entry has been read you should begin coding the entry in the order the fields are presented on the coding form. Unless otherwise noted, if information is not provided for a field leave that field blank. This database is designed to replicate the information contained in the printed version of the Encyclopedia of Associations. If at any point there is a discrepancy between the printed version of the Encyclopedia and the electronic CD version, enter the values included in the paper copy.
ID: A
unique number automatically assigned to each record in the Microsoft Access
database. The coder need do nothing
with this field.
Encyclopedia_edition: Records the edition of the
Encyclopedia in which an entry was located, a number between 1 and 38.
Subject:
A text variable indicating the subject category under which the
Encyclopedia classifies an organization.
This is also called the section name and information is contained in
the header of each page of the Encyclopedia. Each edition of the
Encyclopedia has between 18 and 20 sections (e.g. athletic and
sports organizations; religious organizations, social welfare
organizations, etc.). Name: A
text variable that records the actual name of the organization. The formal name is given; “The” and
“Inc.” are omitted in most listings unless they are an integral part of the
acronym used by the association.
Record the name in full.
Acronym: Records the actual association acronym, if provided. The acronym indicates the short form or
abbreviation of the organizations name, usually composed of the initial
letter or syllable of each word in it.
Acronyms should be entered exactly as they appear in the
Encyclopedia (usually that means with each letter capitalized).
Keyword:
These are subject terms assigned to each association by the editors
of the Encyclopedia. The keyword
can be found in one of three places.
In all cases it will be bolded.
First, organizations may be arranged within subject keyword
sections. Second, the keyword may
be a part of the name, in which case the keyword will be bolded (e.g.
COASTAL CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION, CONSERVATION TREATY SUPPORT
FUND). Third, the keyword may
follow the name in the Encyclopedia entry and be bolded and contained
within parentheses (e.g. CYCAD SOCIETY (conservation)).
Encyclopedia_ entry_number: The Encyclopedia of Associations editor
assigns a number for each entry in a volume. This variable records that number, which is found at the
beginning of an entry. When no
entry number is provided: (editions
1-(7 or 8) Record the page number, dash (-), and the position of the entry
on the page, beginning with the first full entry. For example, the fourth full entry on page 2009 would receive
the code 2009-4.
City: A
text variable the records the mailing address city name. If this information is missing, leave
blank. State: A
text variable the records the mailing address state. If this information is missing, leave
blank.
Zip: A
numerical variable that records the mailing address zip code. If this information is missing, leave
blank.
Country:
A text variable the records the mailing address country. Founded: Records the four-digit year in which the
organization was formed (e.g. 1985).
If the group has changed its name, the founding date is for the
earliest name by which it was known.
If, however, the group was formed by a merger or supersedes another
group, the founding date refers to the year in which this action took
place.
Members:
Records the actual number of members reported. This figure represents individuals,
firms, institutions, and other associations, or a combination of these
categories. Leave blank if missing.
Staff:
Records the actual number of staff reported.
Budget:
Records the actual budget reported, DO NOT use commas or dollar
signs (e.g. a budget of $50,000 would be recorded as 50000). 25000 =
$25,000 or less Regional_groups:
Records the actual number of affiliated regional chapters,
associations, clubs, councils or posts reported by the organization.
National groups: Do not record this information if it is reported.
State_groups:
Records the actual number of state chapters, associations, clubs,
councils and posts reported by the organization.
Local_groups:
Records the actual number of local chapters, associations, clubs,
councils and posts reported by the organization.
Functional_divisions: Records the actual number of internal divisions reported by
the organization. To be counted as
a functional division it must follow one of the bolded designations
listed below. If more than one
type of internal division are reported record the total number of distinct
divisions reported.
Examples of functional divisions include:
1) Committees, sub-committees
2) sections
3) departments
4) task forces
5) divisions
6) boards
7) councils
8) commissions
9) working groups
10) programs or projects (if they are bolded)
Examples that should NOT be coded as functional divisions include:
1) speakers bureau
2) library
Which
of the following membership types does this organization include? The non-membership and don’t know categories are mutually
exclusive. If you choose to click
either of these variables you may not click any other variable in this
section. You may, however, code an
organization as having both individual and organizational members if there is
evidence to indicate that is so. If you
know that some of the members are individuals (or organizations) but are unsure
who the remaining members are, code the entry as including the type of members
you know are present. A code of
individual members does not preclude the possibility of organizational members
as well.
Non-membership:
A dichotomous variable that indicates whether or not the
organization has members. 0
organization includes membership 1
organization is not membership based
Examples that SHOULD be coded as non-membership:
1) Sometimes the encyclopedia entry says non-membership in bold, those cases MUST be coded as non-membership, regardless of what the description may indicate.
a. Intermediate technology development group of north America: nonmembership. “Community groups, educational institutions, and other individuals and organizations interested…”
b. Servants in Faith and Technology: nonmembership. “churches, church groups, and Christian individuals….”
2) PACs (political action committees) are assumed to be non-membership organizations unless the entry expressly indicates otherwise.
3) Generally, divisions, projects, committees or other subsets of larger groups (even membership groups) should be coded as non-membership; unless the entry directly specifies that you can join the subset without joining the larger group.
a. E.g. Tax Reform Immediately: “A project of the John Birch Society (see separate entry).”
4) If the entry fails to list the number of members and the description fails to make reference to membership (individuals, citizens, organizations, etc) and the title also includes a descriptor such as foundation, institute, center, committee, fund, campaign, program, project, conference, department, task force, or mission then code as a non-membership organization. Even if the organization is a sub-section of, or was established by, an organization that has members it should still be coded as non-membership if it meets the above criteria.
a. American Civil Liberties Union Foundation: lists no members and says nothing about them in the description, although it is an arm of the ACLU membership organization.
b. NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund: lists no members and says nothing about them in the description, although it is an arm of the NAACP membership organization.
Individuals:
A dichotomous variable that indicates whether the organization
membership includes individuals/persons.
An inclusive definition of membership should be used, include all
sorts of members, do no distinguish between full, associate, contributing,
honorary and/or junior members. 0
individuals not included in membership 1
individuals included in membership
Examples that SHOULD be coded as individual membership:
1) “individuals” , “individual contributors” or “persons”
a. American Association of Attorney-certified Public Accountants: “Persons who are licensed both as attorneys and as certified public accountants.”
2) “citizens”
a. American Woman’s Society of Certified Public Accountants: “Citizens of the U.S. who hold certified public accountant certificates…”
b. American Spanish Committee: “Spanish-surnamed white citizens.”
3) specific jobs/occupations (e.g. “teachers”, “students” “accountants”, “attorneys”, “bookkeepers”, “physicists”, “engineers”, “technicians”, “administrators”, “consultants”, “farmers”, “ranchers”, “deans”, “college and university administrators”).
4) “practitioners” or “professionals”
a. National Academy of Conciliators: “Professionals dealing with dispute settlement consulting and training services.”
5) “professional society”
a. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants: “professional society of accountants…”
b. American Society of Women Accountants: “Professional society of women accountants”
6) “owners”
7) Activists, supporters, or advocates
8) Congressional committee: any organization that is a congressional committee should be coded as an individual membership organization.
9) ALL POLITICAL PARTIES are assumed to contain individual members.
10) If it is clear from the association name that membership is composed of individuals, even if the entry description does not make explicit mention of membership.
a. People for the American Way. Members: 290,000. “Nonpartisan constitutional liberties organization…”
b. Americans of Italian Descent: Members: 30,000. “Goals are to…”
11) If a union organization reports a large number of members as well as indicating that they are a federation then it should be coded as including both organizational and individual membership.
a. E.g. National Federation of Independent Unions: “Members: 70,000. Federation of more than 300 labor unions.”
b. E.g. United Hebrew Trades of the State of New York: “Members: 500,000. Federation of trade unions.”
12) Membership dues: if this is structured in such a way as to indicate individual members. Reference to such things as limited income individual, professional dues, or lifetime membership.
a. Committee for International Human Rights Inquiry: Membership Dues: $25 (annual) * limited income, $10 (annual)… Participants include a coalition of 10 groups in the social services fields. This should be coded as both individuals and organizations. Organizations because it mentions 10 groups in the social services fields. Individuals because the dues structures allows for those with limited income.
b. Green Panthers!: Membership Dues: activist, $20 (annual). “Acts as a direct-action protest group within the hemp/drug reform movement.”
Examples that should NOT be coded as individual membership:
1) Corporations, hospitals, universities, cities, other institutions, or people representing these by virtue of their leadership position (e.g. Deans of colleges, directors of departments, representatives from state agencies).
2) Membership size should not be used as a cue to the type of members (i.e. organizations or individuals). Just because an organization has 100,000 members you should not assume it has individual members.
Organizations:
A dichotomous variable that indicates whether the organization
membership includes other organizations OR individuals chosen to represent
these organizations and/or serving in official capacities. Chapters are not considered
organizations for this purpose. 0
organizations not included in membership 1
organization included in membership
Examples that SHOULD be coded as organizational membership:
1) firms, companies, businesses, corporations
i. e.g. American group of CPA firms: “Certified public accounting firms.”
2) universities, colleges, schools, public schools, private schools
i. American Association of Christian Schools: the description says nothing about membership but it lists 1250 members and from the title we can ascertain that those members are organizations (schools) rather than individuals.
3) government agencies
i. e.g. National conference of state liquor administrators: “state agencies administering liquor control laws…”
ii. Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies: “state seed certifying agencies.”
4) institutions/institutes
5) countries, nations, states
6) If it is clear from the association name that membership is composed of organizations, even if the entry description does not make explicit mention of membership.
i. Organization of American States. Members: 35. “International organization created to achieve…”
7) Membership dues: if this is structured in such a way as to indicate organizational members. Reference to such things as corporate dues.
8) umbrella organizations
i. National council of African-American Men: “provides leadership and positive resources for African-American men throughout the United States. Aims to act as a national umbrella organization for African-American men’s groups.”
9) Associations of associations
i. e.g. National Board of Fur Farm Organizations: “Federation of state and regional associations.”
10) All trade organizations are assumed to contain organizational members unless the entry indicates otherwise.
i. Adult Video Association: “Trade organization that believes adults should be able to watch what they choose…”
11) individuals that are acting as organizational representatives and/or in an official capacity should be coded as organizational members. Membership should be coded as organizational if the purpose of membership is not to further individual aims or career but to represent your organization. If you are automatically a member when you take a job, membership should be coded as organizational members. If you are eligible to join when you take a job but membership is still an individual choice membership should be coded as individuals (e.g. professional association). If individuals are a top official (e.g. dean, director) and the entry refers to membership from a specific category of organizations (e.g. Big 10 Universities, Jesuit colleges, historically black colleges) than individuals should typically be coded as organizational membership.
i. E.g. Great Plains Agricultural Council: “representatives from state agricultural experiment stations…
ii. National Association of state departments of agriculture: “Directors of state and territorial departments of agriculture.”
iii. National Plant Board: “Members represent the states of the U.S. and Puerto Rico…”
iv. Council of Regional School Accrediting Commissions: “directors of evaluation and chairpersons of commissions on schools from six regional accrediting associations.”
v. Council of 1890 College Presidents: “Presidents and chancellors of land-grant institutions attended predominantly by blacks.”
vi. Jesuit Association of Student Personnel Administrators: “Administrators of student personnel programs in 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States.”
vii. Association of American seed control officials: “Officials who administer U.S. federal and state… laws.”
viii. Association of American feed control officials: “Officials of federal, state, and provincial government agencies regulating the…”
ix. Association of American plant Food Control Officials: “Officials of state agencies concerned with…”
x. National Labor Committee in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador: “National and international officers of major U.S. trade unions.
Examples that should NOT be coded as organizational membership:
1) individuals that are acting as organizational representatives and/or in an official capacity should be coded as organizational members. If membership is simply characterized by employment in an organization(s)that should not be coded as organizational membership but as individuals.
a. E.g. National Association of Agriculture Employees: “Federal plant protection and quarantine employees.”
b. Association of government accountants: “Professional society of accountants, auditors… employed by federal, state, county, and city governments…”
c. National Association of ASCS County Office Employees: “county office employees of the U.S. Department of Agriculture…”
d. National Association of County Agricultural Agents: “ County agricultural agents and extension workers…”
e. American conference of Academic Deans: “Academic deans of two- and four-year colleges of liberal arts and sciences.”
2) Membership size and budget should not be used as a cue to the type of members (i.e. organizations or individuals). Just because an organization has only 5 members and a $1,000,000 budget you should not assume it has organizational members.
Don’t know:
A dichotomous variable that indicates if the entry provides type of
membership information. 0
Entry indicates type of membership 1
Don’t know/can’t tell membership type from the entry
provided
Examples that should be coded as membership, don’t know:
1) If you know that the organization has members, but are unsure of what type
a. E.g. Potash and Phosphate Institute: lists 18 members but description doesn’t say anything about who they are. “Supports scientific research, particularly in areas of soil fertility evaluation…; participates in growers’ meetings, dealer training courses, crops and soils workshops, and diagnostic clinics”
2) If the entry does not include enough information to determine if the organization has members or not
Primary_occupational: A code, applying only to organizations with individual
and/or organizational members, that indicates if the membership is
primarily based on profession/occupation or industry. The code designates organizations that
are typically composed primarily of individuals and organizations from
restricted professional/occupational or industrial categories. This code also includes general business
and labor organizations. Typically,
these organizations will be oriented towards serving or promoting the
profession/occupation/industry or its members. Less often, but still occurring, the organization will be
composed of people primarily from a profession/occupation/industry oriented
towards some social or political cause. If you had a different profession would you still be a
member of this group? 0
Membership is NOT primarily based on profession/occupation
or industry 1
Membership IS primarily based on profession/occupation or
industry
Examples that SHOULD be coded as primarily occupational:
1) If the entry indicates that membership is associated with a specific, or combination of related, occupations/professions/jobs: e.g. “students”, “teachers”, “accountants”, “attorneys”, “lobbyists”, “bookkeepers”, “physicists”, “engineers”, “technicians”, “administrators”, “consultants”, “farmers”, “ranchers”, “breeders”, “deans”, “college and university administrators”, “students”.
i. American Accounting Association: “Teachers and practitioners of accounting”
ii. American Association of Attorney-Certified Public Accountants: “Persons who are licensed both as attorneys and as certified public accountants (CPAs).
iii. American Medical Fly Fishing Association: “physicians interested in conservation and environmental and ecological problems…”
iv. National Execution Alert Network: “Attorneys, court personnel, professionals, and concerned individuals who oppose the death penalty.”
v. Association Executives Human Rights Caucus: “Individuals in the field of association management and employees of suppliers of goods and services to associations”
vi. Labor Council for Latin American Advancement: “Hispanic organization representing 43 national and international trade unions.”
2) if membership is associated with a specific, or combination of related, industries: e.g. accounting firms, universities, colleges and affiliated organizations, aeronautics, hospitals. States or nations should be considered an industry. If membership is drawn from both non-occupational and occupational categories, the preponderance of membership types must be from a related occupation/industry to be coded as such.
i. For example, the Western Apicultural Society of America: “hobbyists, commercial bee supply houses, state and federal apiculturists, and stage beekeeping associations…” Even though the first membership category listed is “hobbyists” this organization would be coded as primarily based on occupation/industry because three of the four membership types are related occupations/industries. In this case, the organization would also be coded as hobby.
3) General business associations should be coded as based on occupation or industry
i. Business roundtable
ii. Daylight Saving Time Coalition: “Corporations and trade associations concerned with…”
4) Trade unions, or federations of, almost by definition, are based on occupation or industry (e.g. AFL-CIO, Trade Union Leadership Council).
i.
5) Committees of trade associations should also be coded as based on occupation or industry
i. E.g Committee on International Freedom to Publish: Committee of the Association of American Publishers…
6) Congressional Committees should be coded as based on occupation or industry
7) Any organization that includes breeders in the membership should be coded as occupational.
i. E.g. Marky Cattle Association: “Breeders or owners of Marchigiana cattle…”
Examples that should NOT be coded as primarily occupational:
1) If the entry refers to a specific or combination of occupation/professions/jobs and/or industry(s) when discussing membership, but not as the primary membership criteria. Typically, an entry that refers to an occupation/profession or industry but whose membership is not primarily occupational or industrially based will include such references toward the end of the membership description.
i. Adoptee-Birthparent Support Network: “Adoptees, adoptive parents, birthparents (biological parents), and siblings; attorney’s, social workers, and adoption professionals.”
ii. Adoptees in Search: Adoptees, birth and adoptive parents, adoption groups, and social service agencies.”
2) If the entry refers to a series of occupations and/or industries that are unrelated.
i. National Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression: “Coalition of political, labor, church, civic, student, and community organizations…”
ii. American Coordinating Committee for Equality in Sport and Society: “Coalition of 30 national civil rights, religious, political and sports organizations.”
3) Coalitions of ethnic and religious organizations should not be coded as an industry
4) Former employees or volunteers (e.g. former peace corps volunteers) should NOT be coded as occupation or industry.
5) Youth organizations or auxillaries of what would otherwise be occupational goups should not be coded as an occupation, but as a hobby
i. E.g. National Junior Angus Association: “Individuals under 21 years of age with an interest in Angus cattle.”
Does the entry mention any of the following as substantial membership characteristics or organizational goals (check all that apply):
Hobby, entertainment or pastime: A dichotomous variable, indicating
whether or not the Encyclopedia entry mentions hobby, entertainment or
pastime as a substantial characteristic of membership or an organizational
goal. Associations should not be
included here if members hobby is associated with their paid position (e.g.
owners of baseball card stores) or if the interest is associated with a
public affair or social cause (see below). 0
not a membership criteria 1
is a membership criteria
Examples that SHOULD be coded hobby, entertainment or pastime:
1) Experimental Aircraft Associations: “individuals interested in sport and recreational flying.”
2) Youth organizations or auxillaries, of normally occupational groups, should be coded as hobby
a. E.g. National Junior Angus Association: “Individuals under 21 years of age with an interest in Angus cattle.”
3)
Examples that should NOT be coded hobby, entertainment or pastime:
1) Just because an entry includes the word interest when discussing membership does not mean that membership should be coded as interest. The interest referred to must not be associated with an occupational sub-category or public affair/social cause. So, for instance, you would not code the American Association of Civil War Historians: “Historians interested in the American Civil War…” as a hobby or interest organization but as primarily occupational. Other examples:
a. Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee: “Lawyers interested in family mediation and arbitration.”
b. Educational Research Service: “School systems, regional service agencies, state departments of education, associations of school administrators and school boards, university departments of education administration, college libraries, and related agencies interested in school management and policy.”
c. World Space Foundation: “Individuals, organizations, and corporations interested in space exploration and development, including solar sailing.”
2) An organizational description that mentions membership including “interested others.” Most commonly this will come at the end of the organizational membership description. Many organizations gain legitimacy by opening membership beyond an occupation or industry.
a. e.g. American Anthropological Association: “Professional society of anthropologists, educators, students, and others interested…” (italics added).
b. Sealant Waterproofing and Restoration Institute: “Sealant contractors; suppliers of sealants and related products; other interested persons.” (italics added).
c. Crop Science Society of America: “Plant breeders, physiologists, ecologists, crop production specialists, seed technologists, turf grass specialists, and others interested in improvement, management, and use of field crops.”
3) Organizations that seek to foster understanding/friendship between nations
Public affairs or social cause: Coded yes for groups that engage in
public affairs or deal with social causes.
Do not worry about the motivation of people in the group; it doesn't matter why people join, only what the goals are. Public affairs groups deal with issues of concern beyond their own (potential) membership. Examples would include anything relating to ideologies, government policies, social issues such as poverty, etc. Generally speaking, we do not code as public affairs organizations that seek only to provide benefits to their own membership. However, if one of those benefits is “educating the public” about the contributions of a given constituency, or about the perils of a given public policy (e.g. high tarrifs, racism against a certain group, etc.), then the group is coded yes for public affairs or social cause. Further examples include:
1) education about American economic, social, or political system
2) Anything related to politics, public affairs, or a social cause including the following:
a. constitutional amendments
b. democracy
c. human rights
d. racism, sexism,
e. pro-life, pro-choice
f. constitutional rights
g. political repression
h. cannabis and drug policies
i. equality
j. holocaust remembrance
k. elections, including PACs and congressional leadership committees
l. anti-nuclear, pro-nuclear
m. environmentalism, conservation, bio-regionalism
n. peace and justice issues
o. national security
p. foreign policy
q. death penalty, capital punishment
r. censorship
s. anti-communism
t. civil and/or political rights
u. constitutional rights
v. reparations
w. citizenship education
x. anarchism
y. religious freedom
z. gun-control or anti-gun control
aa. farm policy, family farms, rural poverty, agriculture policy in general
bb. consumers’ rights groups
cc. tax policies in general (not specific to one industry)
dd. urban planning, economic development, historical districts, zoning issues, health delivery, education, other local policy issues
ee. other issues of public policy or social causes
3) If the entry mentions equal opportunity or discrimination or plight of a particular ethnic group than it should be coded yes for public affairs. If the entry just says that the organization seeks to celebrate the achievements of the group and foster fellowship among the members then it is not public affairs. The key is if they go beyond their organizational membership to speak to a broader issue or to a broader audience, or on behalf of an entire ethnic community.
4) Organizations whose members are themselves government officials generally are coded yes for public affairs. Examples would be organizations of local economic development agency officials; committees or organizations relating to the World Bank, Organization of American States, or other international bodies; or any other organization where the members are government officials dealing with issues of public policy such as poverty, economic development, zoning, etc.
5) Trade associations and others concerned with the situation of one industry are generally NOT coded public affairs unless they mention as an organizational goal that of affecting some general policies, including lower taxes, less regulatory burden, or some other policy that would have a broad effect. This would include tax policies such as the flat tax or any general reform, but not such policies as “seeking ways to reduce the tax burden on our members.”
Examples that should not be coded as ideology or social cause/affairs:
1) If the entry is referring to advancement of an economic or occupational group, not ideologically based, and not dealing with broader policy issues beyond very specific goals only for members.
a. Friends for Jamaica: "promotes the interests of workers…"
b. Trade associations and other business groups focusing narrowly on the interests of a given industry with no discussion of further policy goals.
2) An organization that serves only to provide services, including social opportunities or professional connections, for its membership should not be coded public affairs, even if the members all come from an otherwise public affairs industry or occupation.
Veteran’s_status: Coded same as previous variable.
Religion:
Coded same as previous variable.
Examples that SHOULD be coded as religion:
1) If the membership includes individuals or organizations drawn from a single, or multiple, religions and/or if the organizational goals are religious based
2) Religion is not restricted to a particular religion, may be multiple religions or religion generally
a. Africa Faith and Justice Network: “Religious groups with personnel working in Africa.”
3) Judaism is a religion
a. Jesuit Association of Student Personnel Administrators: “Administrators of student personnel programs in 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States.” Even though the administrators may or may not be Jesuit the institutions they represent are characterized by a religion.
b. National Association of Hebrew Day School Administrators: “Administrators of schools affiliated with Torah Umesorah- National Society of Hebrew Day Schools…” Again, the institutions that the administrators represent are characterized by a religion.
4) Hebrew should be coded as an ethnicity/race/nationality not as a religion
5) If it is clear from the association name that membership or organizational goals are substantially associated with religion, even if the entry description does not make explicit mention of religion
a. E.g. Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Examples that should not be coded as religion:
1) If religion is not a substantial membership characteristic or organizational goal
a. Alliance to End Repression: “Religious, community, and human relations organizations united to safeguard the Bill of Rights and constitutional freedoms…”
2) If a goal of the organization is to attack another religion, this should not be coded as religion. Membership must be drawn from a religious group or the organizational goal must be promotion of a religion.
a. Anti-Communist Confederation of Polish Freedom Fighters in U.S.A.: “Laborers, professionals, and clergy who believe that Jews were the originators of communism, that Jews ar using it to gain control of the world, and that Jews in the U.S. are dominating the radio and television industry to ‘spread the propaganda of anti-Christianity and pro-communism.’”
Ethnicity/race/nationality: Coded same as previous variable. Ethnicity/race/nationality must refer to
“minority” groups within the United States. Reference to foreign nations or peoples should not be coded
as ethnicity/race/nationality. For
instance, an entry that refers to membership of, or interest in, Chinese
Americans should be coded as ethnicity/race/nationality. An entry which refers to interest in
China or Asia should not be coded as ethnicity/race/nationality.
Examples that SHOULD be coded as ethnicity/race/nationality:
1) Anything where membership mentions a particular racial/ethnic/national background for many of the groups members or where the goals of a group relate to the status of a particular ethnic community within the United States.
a. Asian American Certified public accountants: “Asian-American certified public accountants and others accountants…”
b. National Association of College Deans, Registrars, and Admissions Officers: “Deans, registrars, and admissions officers of collegiate institutions with predominantly black student bodies”
c. Council of 1890 College Presidents: “Presidents and chancellors of land-grant institutions attended predominantly by blacks.” Even though the presidents and chancellors may or may not be black, the institutions they represent are characterized by race/ethnicity.
d. Africa, Inc.: “Africans in the United States and Canada.”
e. NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund: mentions “colored people” in the organization name and in the description of activity states: “provide and support litigation in behalf of blacks…”
f. National Urban League: “aims to eliminate racial segregation and discrimination in the United States and to achieve parity for blacks and other minorities…” (italics added).
2) If it is clear from the association name that membership or organizational goals are substantially associated with ethnicity/race/nationality, even if the entry description does not make explicit mention of ethnicity/race/nationality
a. National Association of Black Accountants: “CPAs, accountants, and accounting students.” Even though the organizational entry description says nothing about ethnicity/race as a membership criteria we can tell from the organization name that race is an important membership criteria/characteristic.
b. Association of Black Anthropologists: “Anthropologists and others interested in the study of blacks and other peoples subjected to exploitation and oppression.” Even though the organizational entry description says nothing about ethnicity/race as a membership criteria we can tell from the name that race is an important membership criteria/characteristic.
c. Negro Airmen International. Again, though the organizational entry description says nothing about ethnicity/race as a membership criteria we can tell from the organization name that race is an important membership criteria/characteristic.
d. Anti-communist Confederation of Polish Freedom Fighters in U.S.A.: “Laborers, professionals, and clergy who believe that…”
e. National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America: “Seeks to obtain reparations from the United States government, other government, and corporations that profited from the labor of African people who were treated as slaves.”
f. National Association for the Advancement of colored people: mentions “colored people” in the organization name.
3) Hebrew should be coded as an ethnicity/race/nationality, not as religion.
4) Broad reference to ethnic groups is good enough, the entry need not reference specific ethnicities to be coded as ethnicity/race/nationality
a. Anti-communist International: “Ethnic and religious organizations.”
b. Captive National Committee: “Ethnic groups and concerned individuals organized to carry out activities that support their anti-communist beliefs.”
Examples that should NOT be coded as ethnicity/race
1) Judaism is not an ethnicity/race/nationality, but should be coded as a religion
2) If group is just interested in other nations
a. National Committee on United State-China Relations: “Nonpartisan educational organization that encourages understanding of the People’s Republic of China and the United States among citizens of both countries. Membership includes Americans who share the belief that increased public knowledge of China and of the relations between…”
3) If a goal of the organization is to attack another race/ethnicity, this should not be coded as race/ethnicity. Membership must be drawn from a racial/ethnic group or the organizational goal must be promotion of a race/ethnicity
4) Simple mention of racism, racial justice or combating racism, racial injustice or bigotry is not enough to be coded as race. Must refer to racial/ethnic groups as members or the promotion of such a group as the organizational goal.
a. International Committee Against Racism: “Is dedicated to fighting all forms of racism and to building a multi-racial society. Opposes racism in all its economic….”
b. Commission for Racial Justice: “a racial justice agency representing the 1.7 million members of the United Church of Christ.”
c. Catholic Interracial Council of New York: “promotes interracial justice…. Combat bigotry and discrimination and to promote social justice for all racial, religious and ethnic groups.”
d. National Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice: “organization working for interracial justice…”
Gender:
Coded same as previous variable.
If membership or organizational goals are substantially associated
with a gender (either male or female).
Examples that SHOULD be coded as gender:
1) American Woman’s Society of Certified Public Accountants. Even though the organizational entry description says only that membership includes “citizens of the U.S. who hold certified public accountant certificates” you can discern from the title that membership is also based on gender.
2) Women in Aerospace: “women and men working in aerospace and related fields; allied organizations and businesses.”
3) National Council of African-American Men: “provides leadership and positive resources for African-American men throughout the United States.”
Retirement/elderly: Coded same as previous variable.
Examples that SHOULD be coded as retirement/elderly:
1) references to age, per se, of 50 years or older.
a. American Association of Retired Persons: “Persons 50 years of age or older…”
2) Explicit references to retirement (not, e.g. former federal cabinet officials)
a. Irvine Group: “Retired college and university presidents and chancellors.”
b. Association of Retired Americans: “Senior Americans interested in enhancing their lives through group benefits.”
c. National Association for Retired Credit Union People: “organized by retired credit union leaders to help senior (over age 50) and retired credit union members…” The description is unclear but from the title we can tell the members are retired credit union members.
Examples that should NOT be coded as retirement/elderly:
1) International Society for Retirement Planning: “personnel directors, financial planners, and consultants; business, union, and government organizations.” Age should not be coded as a membership requirement because neither the entry nor the organization name makes reference to age as a characteristic of membership.
Region:
Coded same as previous variable.
Examples that SHOULD be coded as region:
1) “Midwestern Farmers”
2) “Wine producing States of California”
3) If it is clear from the association name that membership or organizational goals are substantially associated with a region, even if the entry description does not make explicit mention of region
a. Chicago Religious Task Force on Central America: should be coded as regional because membership is drawn primarily from Chicago.
Examples that should NOT be coded as region:
1) rural America
2) References to regions outside of the United States (non-U.S.)
Other: A
text variable where if the organizational membership is characterized by
something other than the options above that characteristic is recorded.
Examples of other membership characteristics:
1) handicapped persons
Government_activity:
A dichotomous variable indicating whether the organization conducts
any government related activity.
This must be coded separately from the description of organizational
activity, not from membership criteria.
Do not code membership
information here (e.g. if members include government
scientists do not code that entry as government activity unless it mentions
a government related activity as well). United States
Government Activity only: this
includes national, state, and/or local government activity but does not
include mention of foreign governments. 0 government advocacy
not mentioned. 1 government advocacy
is mentioned
Examples that SHOULD be coded as government activity
1)
If the
purpose, goal or main focus of the organization is explicitly related to public
policy (e.g. civil rights, capital punishment, national security), even if the
entry doesn’t mention a government related activity.
2)
Reference to
encouraging better understanding of the U.S. political system or to public
education on a policy topic, or political education or political campaigns
a.
E.g. United
Farm Workers of America: “Educates farm workers in the political and social
arenas.”
b.
E.g. political
education committees
3)
Reference to
citizen education or citizenship development
a.
E.g. United
Auto Workers, Family Auxilliary: “Sponsored by UAW local unions for education,
citizenship, and service. Conducts
workshops and discussion classes.”
4)
references to
legislation in general or specific legislation
5)
monitoring of
legislative activities
a.
Compiling info
on/rating members of congress
b.
disseminate
information on legislative activity
6)
reference to
lobbying or election campaigns or other electoral mobilization/activity
7)
references to
regulating agencies or regulating programs in specific or general terms
a.
National Plant
Board: Members represent the states of the U.S. and Puerto Rico in plant
inspection, quarantine, and regulatory
matters.
b.
developing and
commenting on regulations
c.
monitoring or
aiding in enforcement of laws, regulations, regulatory practices or programs
d.
evaluate
compliance with regulations
e.
assist
government agencies
i.
Pressure
Sensitive Tape Council: works with code and specification writing agencies.
8)
Reference to
influence/educate government representatives (elected or civil service) and/or
public policy:
a.
convincing our
nation and its leadership
b.
promoting
awareness by government
c.
facilitating
communication between some group and decision makers in Washington D.C.
d.
disseminating
information to law makers, policy makers and government agencies
e.
giving voice to
citizens in Washington D.C. or in the state capitols
f.
public policy
research
g.
issue analysis
h.
assist in
formation of state and national policies
i.
influence
public policies
9)
securing
government contracts or grants
10) establish government standards, standards
for state and government entities
11) supporting federal certification
12) ALL POLITICAL PARTIES, by definition, should
be coded as conducting government related activities.
13) If the organization is a LABOR UNION and
membership includes substantial numbers of government employees, then it should
be coded as conducting government related activity. Examples of such labor unions would include unions of police
officers, fire fighters, parole officers and prison guards.
14) Government activity may also be coded from
reported committee names (e.g. relations with government groups, legislative,
governmental liaison, legislative political action, political education,
government services).
a.
American
Society of Corporate Secretaries: Committees: Education; Securities Law
Examples that should NOT be coded as government activity
1)
mention of
legal services or litigation, law enforcement, schools, hospitals etc. should
not automatically be coded as a government activity, unless explicit reference
is made to a U.S. government entity (local, state or national). The mere use of the courts for litigation is
not sufficient for an organization to be coded as governmental activity (e.g.,
it may be for product liability purposes).
Do not code if legal assistance is provided for individual cases, but do
if for the purpose of precedent or if an organization that acts as a
clearinghouse for lawsuits or conducts class-action litigation
2)
Union
mobilizing campaigns should not automatically be considered a government
activity.
3)
Mention
of foreign governments or foreign government activity.
Spin-off:
an explanation of any transition information (name changes, mergers,
spinoffs, absorptions, supersedes, etc).
Record this information EXACTLY as it appears in the Encyclopedia,
be sure to include the year of change.
Record information on any/all transitions that are mentioned in the
Encyclopedia and occur in the time period fro 1950 to present. Do not include information on
transitions that occur prior to 1950.
Do not include a listing of affiliated organizations here; that
information is not being recorded.
Also, include defunct organizations or inactive organizations.
Notes: A
memo variable where the coder can make note of any problems, etc. This should be used to signify any
variables or cases that contain problematic, ambiguous, or otherwise noteworthy
coding. This should be used to
signify to your supervisor that this case requires further attention and
should contain all the information needed to explain the
problem/issue/question and complete coding of the case without returning to
the paper copy of the Encyclopedia.
NOTE: once people are working on their own, we
may want them to photocopy problematic entries
Read each entry and determine the primary topic code. The primary topic must be coded and is entered as under Topic 1. Keywords will be particularly useful here. If the organizational entry mentions substantial involvement in other areas of activity, not simply mere mention of other activity areas, you may enter up to four (4) additional topic codes for each organizational entry. Topics should be entered according to order of prominence. Avoid taking a laundry list approach to assigning topic codes, however. You are more likely to have second and third codes to enter when the organizational primary purpose falls across more than one existing topic code. For example, the National Federation of Milk Hauler Associations is a Union (code 5) that operates in the areas of agriculture (code 4) and transportation (code 10).
If the topic is not included on this list, type in “other” and specify what the appropriate topic area is.
01 Macroeconomics
General domestic macroeconomic issues
Inflation, prices, and interest rates
Unemployment rate
Monetary supply, federal reserve board, and the treasury
National budget and debt
Taxation, tax policy, and tax reform
Industrial policy
Price control and stabilization
02 Civil Rights, Minority Issues and Civil Liberties
Ethnic minority and racial group discrimination (note: ethnic and minority focused organizations are included here only if they mention issues related to discrimination or other issues clearly related to civil rights, not just the interests of the group in question. For example, labor unions representing Hispanic migrant farm workers would be coded here only if they mention civil rights and/or discrimination)
Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
Age discrimination
Handicap or disease discrimination
Voting rights issues
Freedom of speech
Right to privacy
Anti-government activities
03 Health
Health care reform, health care costs, insurance costs and availability
Medicare and Medicaid
Regulation of prescription drugs, medical devices, and medical procedures
Health facilities construction and regulation, public health service
Mental illness and mental retardation
Medical fraud, malpractice, and physician licensing requirements
Elderly health issues
Infants, children, and immunization
Health manpower needs and training programs
Military health care
Drug and alcohol treatment
Alcohol abuse and treatment
Tobacco abuse, treatment, and education
Illegal drug abuse, treatment, and education
Specific diseases
Research and development
04 Agriculture
Agricultural trade
Government subsidies to farmers and ranchers, agricultural disaster insurance
Food inspection and safety
Agricultural marketing, research, and promotion
Animal and crop disease and pest control
Agricultural research and development
Producers of food and food processing
Aquaculture, shrimp farming
NOT: retail food industry (e.g. beverage distributors, restaurants) nor food
preparation, nor the forestry industry
05 Labor, Employment, and Immigration
labor unions should generally be coded as 05 for the first topic area.
Worker safety and protection, occupational and safety health administration
Employment training and workforce development
Employee benefits
Employee relations and labor unions
Fair labor standards
Youth employment and youth job corps programs
Parental leave and child care
Migrant and seasonal workers, farm labor issues
Immigration and refugee issues
06 Education
Higher education
Elementary and secondary education
Education of underprivileged students
Vocational education
Special education
Special secondary education programs
Arts and humanities
Research and development
07 Environment
Drinking water safety
Waste disposal
Hazardous waste and toxic chemical regulation, treatment, and disposal
Air pollution, global warming, and noise pollution
Recycling
Indoor environmental hazards
Species and forest protection
Coastal water pollution and conservation
Land and water conservation
Research and development
08 Energy
Nuclear energy and nuclear regulatory commission issues
Electricity and hydroelectricity
Natural gas and oil
Coal
Alternative and renewable energy
Energy conservation
Research and development
10 Transportation
Mass transportation and safety
Highway construction, maintenance, and safety
Airports, airlines, air traffic control and safety
Railroad transportation and safety
Truck and automobile transportation and safety
Maritime issues
Public works (infrastructure development)
Research and development
12 Law, Crime, and Family Issues
Executive branch agencies dealing with law and crime
White collar crime and organized crime
Illegal drug production, trafficking, and control
Court administration
Prisons, guards and security agents
Juvenile crime and the juvenile justice system
Child abuse and child pornography
Family issues
Police, fire, and weapons control
Criminal and civil code
Riots and crime prevention
13 Social Welfare
Food stamps, food assistance, and nutrition monitoring programs
Poverty and assistance for low-income families
Elderly issues and elderly assistance programs (including Social Security
Administration)
Assistance to the disabled and handicapped
Social services and volunteer associations
14 Community Development and Housing Issues
Housing and community development
Urban economic development and general urban issues
Rural housing and FmHA housing assistance programs
Rural economic development
Low and middle income housing programs and needs
Veterans housing assistance and military housing programs
Elderly and handicapped housing
Housing assistance for homeless and homeless issues
Secondary mortgage market
15 Banking, Finance, and Domestic Commerce
U.S. banking system and financial institution regulation
Securities and commodities regulation
Consumer finance, mortgages, and credit cards
Insurance regulation
Bankruptcy
Corporate mergers, antitrust regulation, and corporate management issues
Small business issues and the small business administration
Copyrights and Patents
Domestic disaster relief
Tourism
Consumer safety and consumer fraud
Sports and gambling regulation
16 Defense
U.S. and other defense alliances, U.S. Security assistance
Military intelligence, CIA, espionage
Military readiness, coordination of armed services air support and sealift
capabilities, and national stockpiles of strategic materials.
Arms control and nuclear nonproliferation
Military aid and weapons sales to other countries
Manpower, military personnel and dependents (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines),
military court
VA issues
Military procurement and weapons system acquisitions and evaluation
Military installations, construction, and land transfers
National guard and reserve affairs
Military nuclear and hazardous waste disposal, military environmental
compliance
Civil defense (war related)
DOD civilian personnel, civilian employment by the defense industry, military
base closings
Oversight of defense contracts and contractors
Direct war related issues
Relief of claims against U.S. military
Research and development
17 Space, Science, Technology and Communications
NASA, U.S. government use of space, space exploration agreements
Commercial use of space, satellites
Science technology transfer, international scientific cooperation
Telephone and telecommunication regulation
Broadcast industry regulation (TV, cable, radio, and publishing, newspaper
industry, media in general). Note that creative arts are in category 23
Weather forecasting and related issues, NOAA, oceanography
Computer industry and computer security
Research and development
18 Foreign Trade
Trade negotiations, disputes, and agreements
Export promotion and regulation, export-import bank
International private business investments, overseas private investment
corporation
Productivity and competitiveness of U.S. business, U.S. balance of payments
Tariff and import restrictions, import regulation
Exchange rates and related issues
19 International Affairs and Foreign Aid
General (Department of State and U.S. Information Agency appropriations)
U.S. foreign aid
International resources exploitation and resources agreement
Developing countries issues
International finance and economic development
China
Soviet Union, former republics, communist expansion
Eastern Europe
Western Europe, common market issues
Africa
South Africa
Latin America (South America, Central America, Mexico, Caribbean Basin,
Cuba)
Panama Canal issue and other international canal issues
Asia, Pacific Rim, Australia, and Japan
Middle East
Human rights
International organizations other than finance: United Nations (UN), UNESCO,
International Red Cross
Terrorism, Hijacking
U.S. diplomats, U.S. embassies, U.S. citizens abroad, foreign diplomats in the
U.S., passports
20 Government Operations
General (includes budget requests and appropriations for multiple departments
and agencies)
Intergovernmental relations
Government efficiency and bureaucratic oversight
Postal service issues (including mail fraud)
Government employee benefits, civil service issues
Nominations and appointments
Currency, commemorative coins, medals, U.S. Mint
Government procurement, procurement fraud and contractor management
Government property management
IRS administration
Presidential impeachment & scandal
Federal government branch relations and administrative issues, congressional
operations
Regulation of political campaigns, political advertising, PAC regulation, voter
registration, government ethics
Census
District of Columbia affairs
Relief of claims against the U.S. government
Federal Holidays
21 Public Lands and Water Management
National parks, memorials, historic sites, and recreation
Native American affairs
Natural resources, public lands, and forest management
Water resources development and research
U.S. dependencies and territorial issues
23 Culture and Entertainment
includes printing, publishing and creative arts
Note: newspapers, telecommunications are topic 17. Creative side only here.
24 State and Local Government Administration