Working as Intended:
The Legacy of Racism in the Law
Frank R. Baumgartner, Kaneesha Johnson, and Marty A. Davidson, II
University of Chicago Press
forthcoming, 2027
Figures
This page has high-resolution and color versions of all the figures used in our book. For each figure, we provide: the original figure as published; a color version of the same figure; the underlying data associated with the figure; and the R-code we used to generate the figure.
Figure 2.1. Schematic illustration of the relation between assumptions about systemic racism and the level of proof needed to confirm it. Original
Figure 2.2. NC General Statutes, by year. Original, Part A Original, Part B ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 2.3. Origin years for disparate-impact statutes, by race-sex groups. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 3.1. Image from the 1916 Good Roads Convention. Original
Figure 3.2. Number of registered cars, 1900-1995. Original ; Data ; Code
Figure 3.3. Black and White wealth per capita. Original ; Data ; Code
Figure 3.4. Year of passage of NC traffic laws. Original ; Data ; Code
Figure 3.5. Organizational chart of the NC State Highway and Public Works Commission, 1934. Original
Figure 3.6. Newspaper coverage of cars and drivers, 1920-1940. Original ; Data ; Code
Figure 3.7. Black driver words. Original ; Data ; Code
Figure 3.8. Percent of Black-driver words associated with "dangerous" words. Original ; Data ; Code
Figure 4.1. Ku Klux Klan sign welcomes visitors. Original
Figure 4.2. Riot and civil disobedience charges, by race. Original ; Data ; Code
Figure 4.3. Number of protest-related charges, by week. Original ; Data ; Code
Figure 4.4. Mecklenburg County protest-related charges and selected protest events. Original ; Data ; Code
Figure 4.5. Gang charges, by race. Original ; Data ; Code
Figure 5.1. Drug charges, by type of drug and race. Original ; Data ; Code
Figure 6.1. Arrest-incidents and charges across race-sex groups, per capita. Original ; Data ; Code
Figure 7.1. The geographical distribution of population, race, income, and policing. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 7.2. Policing surveillance intensity in the Rochelle Manor neighborhood of Durham. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 7.3. Police surveillance in selected Durham neighborhoods. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 8.1. Estimated yearly arrest rates across racial, ethnic, sex, and age cohorts. Original ; Data ; Code
Figure 8.2. Distribution of arrest rates by place. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 8.3. Statewide arrest patterns by location. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 8.4. High- and low-arrest neighborhoods in Charlotte. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 8.5. Arrest rates by demographics and location, Charlotte. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 8.6. High- and low-arrest neighborhoods in Raleigh. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 8.7. Arrest rates by demographics and location, Raleigh. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 8.8. High- and low-arrest neighborhoods in Greensboro. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 8.9. Arrest rates by demographics and location, Greensboro. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 8.10. High- and low-arrest neighborhoods in Winston-Salem. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 8.11. Arrest rates by demographics and location, Winston-Salem. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 9.1. Historical redlining map for Durham. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 9.2. Low- and high-arrest neighborhoods overlaid with historical redlining areas, Durham. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 9.3. Low- and high-arrest neighborhoods overlaid with historical redlining areas, Charlotte. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 9.4. Low- and high-arrest neighborhoods overlaid with historical redlining areas, Greensboro. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 9.5. Low- and high-arrest neighborhoods overlaid with historical redlining areas, Winston-Salem. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 9.6. Arrest rates by HOLC grade, by race-sex category. Original ; Data ; Code
Figure 9.7. An index of disadvantage. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 9.8. Map showing disadvantage scores, AOC defendants and registered voters. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 9.9. Disadvantage scores and arrest rates. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 9.10. Disadvantage and arrest, by race-sex group. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
Figure 9.11. Judicial outcomes and neighborhood disadvantage. Original ; Color ; Data ; Code
(This page was last updated September 20, 2026.)