Working as Intended:
What Archives and Data Tell Us about the Legacy of Racism in the Law
Frank R. Baumgartner, Kaneesha Johnson, and Marty A. Davidson, II
University of Chicago Press
forthcoming, 2027
Related Papers and Publications
This page provides links to other publications and conference papers associated with our project.
Academic Publications
Disproportionate Criminal Justice Contact: A System Working as Designed?. Journal of the Center for Policy Analysis and Research 2024: 48-65. (Marty A. Davidson, II, Kaneesha R. Johnson, and Frank R. Baumgartner)
Conference Papers
Social Identity, Police Surveillance, and Arrest Rates. Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association annual meetings, Chicago IL, April 23–26, 2026. (Marty A. Davidson II, Kaneesha R. Johnson, and Frank R. Baumgartner)
Proving Discriminatory Intent. Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association annual meetings, Chicago IL, April 23–26, 2026. (Kaneesha R. Johnson, Frank R. Baumgartner, and Marty A. Davidson II)
Social Identity, Law Enforcement Capacity, and Criminal Justice Contact. Paper presented at the American Political Science Association annual meetings, Los Angeles, August 31 - September 3, 2023. (Marty A. Davidson II, Kaneesha R. Johnson, and Frank R. Baumgartner)
Discriminatory Intent in the Creation of the North Carolina Traffic Code. Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association annual meetings, Chicago IL, April 13 - 16, 2023. (Kaneesha R. Johnson, Frank R. Baumgartner, and Marty A. Davidson II)
Finding Discriminatory Legislative Intent when Criminal Justice Outcomes Show Racially Disparate Impact. Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association annual meetings, Chicago IL, April 7 - 10, 2022. (Kaneesha R. Johnson, Frank R. Baumgartner, and Marty A. Davidson, II)
Social Identity and Criminal Justice Contact. Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association annual meetings, Chicago IL, April 7 - 10, 2022. (Marty A. Davidson, II, Frank R. Baumgartner, and Kaneesha R. Johnson)
Op Eds, Blogs, and Other Publications
Coming soon
Read our original book proposal to the University of Chicago Press (2022).
(This page was last updated June 30, 2026.)